tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54634020487033517952024-03-13T05:59:25.351-07:00building digest-onlineUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-25023159412416437142012-07-01T11:06:00.001-07:002012-07-01T11:06:21.784-07:00Kontraktor: 'Bank Negara musnahkan kami'<br />
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<li style="display: block; margin: 2px 0px; padding: 0px;">Nioel Aw</li>
<li style="display: block; margin: 2px 0px; padding: 0px;">5:30PM Jul 1 2012</li>
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Sebuah firma pembinaan mendakwa Bank Negara memaksanya muflis untuk mengelak daripada menanggung kos untuk pembinaan Pusat Sumber Perkhidmatan Kewangan (FSRC).<br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" />Kontraktor kejuruteraan dan pembinaan itu, H&I Niaga Sdn Bhd mendakwa tindakan Bank Negara yang enggan membayar kos berkenaan menyebabkan syarikat tersebut kini mengalami masalah.<br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" />Syarikat itu juga mendakwa telah menandatangani satu perjanjian tambahan yang "berat sebelah" dengan Bank Negara pada September 2009.<br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" />Dalam satu sidang media di ibu pejabat DAP hari ini, MP Petaling Jaya Utara Tony Pua mendakwa Bank Negara enggan membuat bayaran kepada syarikat tersebut hingga H&I muflis supaya perkara itu dapat disembunyikan.<br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" />Pua berkata, tindakan tersebut menyebabkan syarikat berkenaan tidak dapat membayar hutang yang ditanggungnya.<br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" />Turut hadir dalam sidang media tersebut ialah pengarah urusan H&I Niaga Ismail Mohd Hisham dam pengarah eksekutif syarikat tersebut Amerudin Ismail.</div>
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<a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/202424">malaysiakini</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-2948723401523871502012-06-23T10:40:00.003-07:002012-07-01T11:08:32.477-07:00Subhanallah! Puncak Gunung Yang Rata Menakjubkan<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.harian-metro-online.com/subhanallah-puncak-gunung-yang-rata-menakjubkan">harianmetro-online</a></span></h2>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="302" original="http://i.imgur.com/E9BvT.jpg" src="http://i.imgur.com/E9BvT.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 4px;" width="512" /></div>
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Gunung menakjubkan ini seluas 31 kilometer persegi. Puncaknya yang rata ini menjanjikan pemandangan yang menakjubkan. Seolah-olah kita berada di sebuah kayangan kerana di kelilingi awan memutih. Gunung Roraima juga dikenali nama Tepi. Tepi bermaksud rumah tuhan.</div>
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Ia dinamakan oleh orang asli kaum Pemon yang menemuinya. Gunung ini terletak di tanah tinggi Guiana, benua Amerika Selatan. Ia i terletak di sempadan antara tiga negara iaitu Venezuela, Brazil dan Guyana.</div>
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Di bawah ini adalah gambar puncak tertinggi Gunung Roraima, ianya dipanggil Maverick Rock terletak di dalam sempadan Vaneuzela dengan ketinggian 2810 meter dari paras laut. Jom lihat lagi gambar menakjubkan ini.</div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="341" original="http://i.imgur.com/0xzlV.jpg" src="http://i.imgur.com/0xzlV.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); color: #434343; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 4px; text-align: center;" width="512" /></div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="341" original="http://i.imgur.com/4Mc5K.jpg" src="http://i.imgur.com/4Mc5K.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 4px;" width="512" /></div>
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Sungguh cantik pemandangan di sini. Bagi orang yang gemar mendaki gunung sudah tentu tidak akan melepaskan peluang untuk sampai ke puncak. Namun dukacitanya, tempat ini bukanlah berada di Malaysia kerana ia berada di benua Amerika Selatan. Sungguh indah ciptaan Allah SWT.</div>
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Sumber: <a href="http://melayukini.net/2012/06/subhanallah-puncak-gunung-yang-rata-menakjubkan/" style="color: #1e3b78; font-weight: 900; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Melayukini</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-36414032386684409192012-05-06T01:17:00.004-07:002012-05-06T01:17:52.024-07:00'Baju hitam' pertahan bangunan di Jalan Sultan<br />
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<tr><td width="74"><a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/197097">Malaysiakini </a></td><td class="content_byline_content" valign="bottom" width="300">1:47PM Mei 6, 2012</td><td valign="bottom" width="96"><br /></td></tr>
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Dianggarkan seramai 1,000 orang yang berpakaian hitam berhimpun di Jalan Sultan hari ini untuk membantah tindakan merobohkan dua bangunan di kawasan itu bagi pembinaan projek MRT.<br />
Dua bangunan tersebut terletak di bahagian barat Jalan Sultan yang termasuk dalam jajaran projek MRT.<br />
<img align="left" alt="save jalan sultan protest 060512 16" height="250" src="http://media1-cdn.malaysiakini.com/472/df6757990000b727cb8d455683521ea6.JPG" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px;" width="333" />Kawasan itu menempatkan bangunan yang bakal dirobohkan, seperti yang sedang dijalankan ke atas bangunan Stesen Bas Klang di lokasi sama.<br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="letter-spacing: 0px;" />Pengerusi bersama Jawatankuasa Selamatkan Jalan Sultan, Stanley Yong berkata peserta perhimpunan itu mengepung bangunan berkenaan hari ini untuk mengekalkan struktur berkenaan.<br />
"Kami mahu kerajaan mendengar (seruan) kami dan menghentikan perobohan ini," katanya.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-29543603406315014732012-04-17T10:25:00.000-07:002012-04-17T10:25:10.328-07:00Lift parking<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Pernah tengok parking kereta guna lift?</div>
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Haa... hari ni terserlah kejakunan aku. Aku pergi bangunan GM kat Chow Kit. Biasalah, jalan sekitar Lorong Haji Taib tu sentiasa pack. Parking tepi jalan memang full. Nak parking sebarang, takut kena saman. Akhirnya aku pusing ikut jalan Raja Laut masuk ke arah bangunan GM, untuk parking dalam bangunan GM. Sampai dekat tepi bangunan tu, pak guard lambai suruh masuk ke kawasan yang ada bolard kuning hitam, mungkin tempat loading bay, sangka ku.</div>
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Wah, bagus kataku pada isteri. spevial hari ni, pak guard bagi kita parking tempat istimewa. Ini kunjungan kali pertama kami ke sini. Tapi cuak juga, tak kan tak ada tiket parking. So aku turun tanya pak guard tu. Bang, tak amik tiket ke?</div>
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Eii.. abang kena tunggu situ sampai lift terbuka, kemudian masuk dalam lift.</div>
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Owhs....</div>
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Setelah lift terbuka, ada sebuah kereta dalam tu. Dia gerak ke depan, aku masuk dalam<br />
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Kami kena tunggu hingga dua2 pintu tertutup. Ada arahan2 supaya tarik hand break dan sebagainya. Bila pintu tertutup, diammmm je. Aik, tak naik2 lagi ke? tanya aku pada isteri. Entah.. jawabnya yg memang aku dah duga sebab kami sama2 jakun hehehe. <br />
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Aku toleh ke luar, nampak floor indicator tengah laju bergerak - level 4, 5 6 dan akhirnya level 8 lift berhenti. Wah... tak terasa pun lift bergerak.<br />
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Keluar lift baru jumpa tempat ambik tiket. Masa nak turun pun sama prosesnya, bayar ikut mesin pakai masukkan duit aje. Briliant sungguh orang yang cipta teknik ni. Jimat tenaga kerja, sesuai untuk bangunan di tempat yg congested begini. duit parking pun tak short.<br />
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Cuma, apa halnya kalau berlaku kecemasan seperti kebakaran? Kereta nak ke tempat parking di tingkat 9 dan ke atas kena naik lift. kalau keecemasan, sah sah takleh guna lift. So, kereta kena tinggal kat atas lah. Tapi, kalau KL banjir, for sure selamat sebab parking tingkat atas.<br />
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Ada pro - con nya di sini, tapi overall, aku respect idea lift parking ni.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-37230887564387052182012-03-29T04:07:00.003-07:002012-03-29T04:07:28.217-07:00Kebakaran di Suria KLCC, orang ramai kosongkan bangunan<div class="content_image">
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Kebakaran di Suria KLCC, orang ramai kosongkan bangunan</div>
Suatu kebakaran berlaku di pusat membeli-belah KLCC Suria petang ini,
memaksa penghuni dan pengunjung mengosongkan bangunan tersebut.<br /><br />Asap putih kelihatan dari bumbung bangunan tersebut.<br /><br />Anggota bomba dan penyelamat tiba kira-kira jam 5.45 petang.<br /><br />Penerbit
buku Amir Muhammad yang kebetulan berada di tempat kejadian berkata
pegumuman dibuat melalui sistem pembesar suara meminta orang ramai
mengosongkan bangunan.<br /><br />Menurutnya, eskalator sesak dengan orang ramai tetapi keadaan di situ tenang dan teratur.<br /><br />Beliau berkata, sekitar lebih 1,000 orang berkumpul di luar bangunan itu di bahagian air pancut dekat taman taman Suria KLCC.<br />
http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/193568Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-48274320266583286672012-03-08T18:44:00.002-08:002012-03-08T18:44:24.971-08:00'Tapak perlupusan Bkt Merah boleh dijadikan taman'<a href="http://malaysiakini.com/author?l=my&c=news&n=Aidila%20Razak" target="_blank">Aidila Razak</a> <a href="http://malaysiakini.com/news/191513">Malaysiakini </a><br />
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Tapak di mana sisa kilang penapisan Asia Rare Earth di Bukit Merah,
Perak disimpan ketika ini adalah selamat untuk dijadikan sebuah taman
rekreasi.<br /><br /><span>Menurut
Ketua Pengarah Lembaga Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (AELB) Datuk Raja Abdul
Aziz Raja Adnan, ini boleh dilakukan selepas kawasan tapak pelupusan
sisa di Bukit Kle<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">dan</span>g itu dikedap sepenuhnya yang dijadualkan tahun depan.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />"(Pihak
berkuasa) boleh menjadikan tapak itu sebuah taman, hutan simpan atau
tempat rekreasi. Tidak ada masalah. Tiada sebarang larangan," katanya
kepada pemberita pada taklimat AELB.<br />
Menurut Raja Abdul Aziz, tapak pelupusan 16 hektar itu terdiri daripada dua sel.<br /><br /><span><span>Sel pertama digunakan untuk menanam komponen asal<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> dan </span>struktur ARE itu adalah dua meter di bawah</span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> tanah </span><span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">dan </span>dikedap dengan konkrit.</span></span><br /><br /><img align="left" alt="NONE" height="205" src="http://media1-cdn.malaysiakini.com/361/2da1f59f8db34951552f4cba1bfdf071.jpg" width="300" />Sel
kedua pula akan digunakan untuk menyimpan sisa sebenar yang diproses
dari ARE yang sebelum ini disimpan di dalam tangki minyak kalis kimia
di tapak yang sama.<br /><br />Sisa akan stabil dalam matriks konkrit untuk menjadikan strukturnya seperti batu.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-72395310082421298162012-03-08T18:37:00.001-08:002012-03-08T18:40:52.121-08:00Siling pejabat tanah dan galian Perlis runtuhSiling Pejabat Tanah dan Galian Perlis di Jalan Penjara di Kangar runtuh malam tadi berikutan hujan lebat.<br />
<br />
Kejadian
itu menyebabkan sebahagian besar ruang pejabat digenangi air dan
peralatan pejabat termasuk komputer dan dokumen tertentu mengalami
kerosakan.<br />
<br />
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Tanah dan Perhutanan Perlis, Datuk Mat Rawi Kassim berkata kejadian berlaku kira-kira pukul 7.30 malam ini ketika hujan lebat.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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Runtuhan
dipercayai berpunca daripada masalah saluran paip di bahagian bumbung
tersumbat menyebabkan air melimpah dan memasuki ruang siling pejabat
sehingga mengakibatkan siling itu runtuh.<br />
<br />
Mat Rawi ketika
ditemui pemberita lewat semalam berkata kejadian itu disedari oleh
pengawal keselamatan yang bertugas di situ dan telah memaklumkannya
kepada kakitangan pejabat itu.<br />
<br />
Katanya beliau telah
mengarahkan Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Perlis mengambil tindakan segera
membaiki segala kerosakan dan mengkaji tahap keselamatan bangunan yang
berusia hampir tiga puluh tahun itu.<br />
<br />
Kerja-kerja awal seperti
pembersihan lantai bangunan dijalankan serta merta termasuk kawalan
sistem elektrik sementara kerja-kerja pembaikan akan dilaksanakan oleh
pihak kontraktor.<br />
<br />
"Akibat kejadian itu, sistem pendaftaran
berkomputer seperti hak milik, pindah milik dan gadaian serta sistem
pungutan hasil tanah diberhentikan seketika atas nasihat Bahagian Letrik
JKR untuk mengelak berlaku litar pintas," kata Mat Rawi yang diiringi
Pengarah tanah dan Galian Perlis, Hisan Abu Bakar.<br />
<br />
Bagaimanapun,
katanya kejadian itu hanya menyebabkan gangguan tugas pada Unit
Pendaftaran kerana rangkaian komputer di situ telah terjejas manakala
bahagian-bahagian lain akan beroperasi seperti biasa.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://malaysiakini.com/news/191542"><i>- Bernama</i></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-51497875279968114722012-02-01T11:24:00.000-08:002012-02-01T11:24:40.610-08:00OVERTIME<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Punch card A </div>
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Punch card B </div>
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Kerja- kerja overtime memang ditunggu oleh clerk of works.Apa tidaknya, itulah sumber pendapatan tambahan bagi mereka. Sanggup mengorbankan masa bersama keluarga demi menambahkan pendapatan. Namun begitu, terdapat clerk of work yang menggunakan teknik terlampau untuk membuat kerja2 overtime ini. </div>
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<b>1.PONTENG WAKTU KERJA HAKIKI UNTUK DATANG OVERTIME</b></div>
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Teknik ini saya sedari apabila si pelaku secara tak sengaja memecahkan rahsianya. Tak terfikir di benak kepala saya bahawa ada orang yangsanggup melakukan hal ini. Caranya:</div>
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a. mereka akan datang kerja dalam waktu antara pukul 7 pagi dan punch masuk , tunggu beberapa minit, mereka akan punch sekali lagi dan terus balik tidur. Kemudian mereka akan datang semula ke site waktu kerja overtime. (rujuk gambar punch card B)</div>
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b. Cara ke dua, mereka lebih berhati2 iaitu dengan menggunakan teknik di atas tetapi menambah angka satu di hadapan nombor 7 dalam punch out. Ini menjadikan seolah2 mereka keluar pada pukul 5 lebih, walhal keadaannya sama seperti (a) di atas. Mereka tidak masuk site pun, malah bersenang lenang dengan urusan sendiri dalam waktu kerja. (rujuk gambar punch card A)</div>
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<b>2.BEREBUT DENGAN RAKAN SEKERJA UNTUK BUAT OVERTIME</b></div>
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Perkara ini berlaku kepada saya sendiri sewaktu bekerja sebagai clerk of work. Pada waktu itu tidak ada Resident arkitek yang memantau kerja kami. Oleh itu sebagai clerk of work yg lebih senior, saya mencadangkan kerja OT tersebut dibuat secara seorang di waktu siang, manakala seorang di waktu malam. (kerja2 OT tersebut dilakukan pada hujung minggu). Rakan COW tersebut bersetuju. Saya memilih waktu malam.</div>
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Pada minggu pertama kerja OT berjalan, kami berdua diarahkan untuk membuatnya bersama. Sebagai ganjaran, hari Isnin berikutnya pihak pengurusan memberikan cuti tanpa rekod.</div>
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Minggu berikutnya, saya datang untuk OT waktu malam. Apabila saya periksa punch card, saya dapati beliau juga datang malam walhal waktu siang hari beliau telah juga membuat OT.</div>
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Untuk berbincang dengan beliau amat sukar kerana beliau sering tidak ada di site office. Beliau akrab dengan pengurusan, malah sentiasa menunjukkan muka di pejabat pengurusan. Teamwork antara kami sudah tidak ada apabila segala tindakan beliau hanya sendirian dan hanya melapurkan kepada pengurusan tanpa saya tahu apa2.(Jarak Pejabat pengurusan dengan pejabat tapak agak jauh)</div>
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Minggu berikutnya saya datang awal pagi dan punch card. Saya memeriksa card beliau, ternyata beliau belum datang. Agak saya mugkin beliau hendak OT waktu malam. Oleh itu saya jalankan OT siang hari tersebut dan memaklumkan kepada pengurusan dan cc kepada beliau perkembangan di tapak secara sms. Beliau membalas "Noted"</div>
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Tengahari itu saya memeriksa punch card di pejabat pengurusan dan mendapati beliau juga masuk kerja siang.</div>
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Keadaan ini membuatkan saya tidak selesa, seolah2 ada perebutan dalam membuat OT. Mungkin beliau lebih perlukan wang dari kerja OT, lalu minggu berikutnya saya tidak lagi membuat kerja OT tersebut.</div>
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<b>3.BERPAKAT DENGAN KONTRAKTOR </b></div>
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Kisah ini juga mengenai bekas rakan sejawat tadi. Oleh kerana beliau selalu tidak masuk site office, beliau menjadikan pejabat kontraktor sebagai tempat lepak. Untuk sesuatu kerja OT dilaksanakan, kontraktor akan memaklumkan kepada COW. Oleh kerana beliau sentiasa lepak dengan kontraktor, kontraktor hanya maklumkan kepada beliau sahaja tentang kerja2 OT.</div>
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Malah saya pula yang terpaksa terhegeh2 bertanya kepada kontraktor samada minggu tersebut ada OT atau tidak. Selalunya kontraktor akan menjawab ada, dah bagitau kepada rakan saya itu.</div>
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Apabila senario tersebut berlaku berulang2, saya membuat kesimpulan bahawa kontraktor dan rakan saya itu tidak mahukan saya terlibat dalam kerja2 OT tersebut.</div>
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Walaupun tidak selesa dengan keadaan tersebut, saya akan sentiasa bertanya kepada kontraktor samada ada atau tidak kerja OT dan pada hari Isnin, saya akan pergi memeriksa kerja tersebut.</div>
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<b><span style="background-color: yellow;">KEBERKESANAN KERJA OT DAN KUALITI PENGAWASAN OLEH COW</span></b></div>
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Sebenarnya, dalam melaksanakan kerja overtime ini, faktor keberkesanan kerja itu yang perlu ditekankan. Soal wang imbuhan itu sudah sememangnya layak diterima apabila kerja OT tersebut dilaksanakan, namun bukanlah keutamaan. Faktor keberkesanan kerja menjanjikan waktu kerja yang berkualiti. Perkara ini saya sedari tidak berlaku di projek saya apabila pada suatu hari kontraktor menalipon saya untuk kerja OT.</div>
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Saya bertanyakan kenapa tidak panggil rakan saya itu sebagaimana selalu kamu buat. Jawapan yg saya terima adalah beliau tidak dapat di hubungi.. Saya bersetuju utk hadir pada malam itu kerana memang itu juga adalah tugas saya walaupun sekian lama dinafikan oleh kontraktor dan rakan saya dengan blessing dari pihak PMT.</div>
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Malam itu saya memantau kerja OT yang dilakukan di tingkat bawah. Pada masa yang sama, pihak kontraktor ada melakukan kerja2 defect di tingkat atas (bangunan 40 tingkat). Walaupun kerja2 defect tidak termasuk dalam kerja2 OT untuk COW, hati saya rasa terpanggil untuk meninjau. Sesampainya saya di level 18 tempat kerja2 defect tersebut dilaksanakan, saya terkejut apabila mendapati rakan saya itu ada di situ sedang berbual2 dengan pekerja2 maintenance.</div>
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Saya katakan kepada beliau, kalau saya tahu beliau ada datang untuk OT, sudah tentu saya tak akan datang kerana WMS untuk kerja2 OT hanya memerlukan seorang COW pada satu2 masa.Kata beliau sudah ada arahan untuk kedua2 COW menjalankan kerja OT. satu untuk kerja2 baru dan satu untuk kerja2 defect. Saya menjadi hairan kenapa arahan tersebut tidak sampai kepada saya sedangkan saya sentiasa ada di pejabat berbanding dengan beliau.</div>
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Saya seterusnya meninjau kerja2 defect yang dijalankan dan sebagaimana agakan saya, ternyata pekerja2 yang memuat kerja2 defect itu tidak faham tentang apa kerja yang sepatutnya dilakukan.Mereka sebenarnya mencipta defect baru untuk membaiki defect yang dikomplen. Lalu saya menunjuk ajar mereka dengan menunjukkan defect yang perlu diperbetulkan.</div>
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Moralnya, sewaktu menjalankan kerja OT terutama di waktu malam, adalah bukan waktu untuk datang bersembang dan menghatar report kepada pengurusan semata. Pemantauan kerja itu yang lebih utama. Kerja waktu malam sama juga kerja waktu siang - pengawasan mesti dilakukan. Dengan ini barulah masa kerja yang berkualiti dapat dicapai seterusnya menghasilkan output yang dikehendaki.Tambahan pula apabila kerja OT yang dibuat oleh COW itu adalah berbent<span style="background-color: white;">uk pemantauan bukannya penyeliaan (standing supervision).</span></div>
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<b>SIKAP PIHAK PENGURUSAN TENTANG KERJA2 OT</b></div>
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Pihak pengurusan, seperti SO atau PMT memberi laluan kepada kerja OT untuk kemajuan projek. Dalam masa yang sama mereka membantu COW untuk meraih pendapatan lebih. Namun begitu, terdapat juga PMT yang bertindak atas dasar emosi lalu dengan sedikit helah dari COW tertentu, mereka akan melebih2kan COW tersebut tanpa memperdulikan rakan sekerja COW yang lain.</div>
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Satu peristiwa lucu yang belaku kepada saya semasa menjadi COW ialah apabila saya memohon untuk bercuti. PMT menghantar sms kepada rakan saya bertanyakan samada rakan saya itu OK atau tidak jika beliau meluluskan cuti saya. Rakan saya itu menunjukkan SMS tersebut kepada saya dengan berkata beliau hairan tentang pertanyaan tersebut.Kami masing2 tersenyum kerana masing tahu yang rakan saya itu banyak ponteng dan banyak menipu punch card. Tentulah tidak ada masalah untuk beliau buat OT tanpa kehadiran saya , sementelah selama inipun beliau seakan menghalang saya dari buat OT.</div>
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Pihak pengurusan juga cuba menunjukkan keperihatinan mereka kepada COW dengan berlagak baik. Mereka memberikan unrecorded leave selepas kerja OT dan kerja OT itu pula boleh diclaim dari kontraktor. Bermakna COW mendapat 2 benefit, satu berbentuk kewangan dan satu berbentuk waktu rehat.Perkara ini memang dialu2kan. Namun begitu sikap PMT yang lebih favour kepada COW yang sering menayang muka di pejabat mereka tanpa mengusul kehadiran mereka di tapak adalah satu sikap yang tidak profesional. Apatah lagi apabila meminggirkan yang lain kerana favourkan yang lain.</div>
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Namun begitu, kejadian Tuhan ini memang unik. Tuhan jadikan sesuatu itu berpasang2, yang menipu pasangannya yang menipu juga.</div>
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Insya Allah dalam artikel akan datang saya akan tulis mengenai teknik memanjangkan masa OT 5-7. Namun begitu ia bukanlah untuk mengajar menipu tetapi untuk memberitahu pihak yang suka ditipu tentang kebodohan mereka kena tipu. Ingatlah, rezeki yang haram itu menjadi hijab kepad makbulnya doa kita. Allah marah jika kita tidak berdoa kepadaNya dan bagaimana Dia hendak memakbulkan doa kita sekiranya dalam darah daging kita ada rezeki yang haram?</div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-80490319285340051512012-01-27T09:55:00.000-08:002012-01-27T09:56:07.595-08:00BLAME YOURSELF<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>KENALI JENIS KECACATAN PADA BANGUNAN YANG TELAH SIAP DAN PUNCANYA - BAHAGIAN (1) </b></div>
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<b>1. Hujan lebat menyebabkan ruang terrace diluar bangunan bertakung air</b></div>
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Punca kecacatan: </div>
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Paip weephole sepatutnya 150mm dia. tetapi dipasang dengan paip bersaiz 75mm dia. saiz paip yang kecil ini tidak dapat menampung aliran air menyebabkan air yang terkumpul di ruang terrace bertakung seperti kolam.</div>
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Kesimpulan : </div>
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Kontraktor samada tidak merujuk plan atau cuba menipu. Perkara ini sepatutnya tidak berlaku kerana C.O.W sepatutnya membuat pemeriksaan samada kontraktor kemukakan RIN atau tidak.. Jelas menunjukkan C.O.W tidak menjalankan tugas.</div>
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<b>2.Kerja belum siap (outstanding works) pada bahagian terrace yang hanya boleh dimasuki dari luar bangunan pada aras tinggi.</b><br />
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Punca kecacatan :</div>
Mengikut sequence kerja, ruang terrace ini semestinya disiapkan dahulu sebelum facade dibenarkan untuk di pasang. Namun begitu, facade telah dibenarkan pasang sedangkan kerja-kerja plaster dan floor rendering di bahagian terrace masih belum dibuat. Kesukaran timbul untuk menyiapkan kerja ini kerana access ke bahagian terrace adalah melalui luar bangunan yang melibatkan penggunaan gondola.<br />
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Kesimpulan:</div>
Kontraktor tidak menyelia kerja2 yang dibuat oleh Subcon Facade. Mereka juga tidak ada sistem kerja di mana bahagian yang belum siap ditinggalkan begitu sahaja. Keadaan ini tidak seharusnya berlaku sekiranya C.O.W menjalankan kerja kerana untuk meluluskan pemasangan facade, semestinya ruang terrace ini disiapkan dahulu. Jelas menggambarkan bahawa C.O.W telah tidak membuat pemeriksaan keatas kerja2 plaster, render, waterproof dan facade.<br />
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<b>3.Kebocoran di ruang solat akibat kegagalan pengkalis air di ruangan wudhuk</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">Punca kecacatan :</span><br />
Lapisan kalis air sepatutnya diuji sebelum dibenarkan kerja2 pemasangan jubin berlaku. Kaedah water ponding adalah biasa digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Namun begitu, apabila berlaku kebocoran pada lapisan pengkalis air sehingga merebak ke bahagian lain, bermakna pengkalis air itu telah gagal berfungsi.<br />
Ada juga kemungkinan bahawa lapisan pengkalis air tidak digunakan langsung.<br />
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Kesimpulan:</div>
Lapisan kalis air biasanya digunakan sebanyak 2 atau 3 lapis bergantung kepada jenis bahan. Ujian water ponding pula dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali iaitu sekali oleh C&S dan sekali oleh akitek.Apabila berlaku kebocoran pada slab, tentulah akan disedari ole C&S. Manakala bila berlaku pada dinding batu bata berlepa atau pada sambungan batu bata dengan lantai, tentulah disedari oleh akitek. Oleh itu bila kebocoran ini berlaku, iaitu berpunca dari dinding batu bata, jelas terdapat kemungkinan kerja2 pengkalis air itu tidak dibuat atau tidak diuji.<br />
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<b>RUMUSAN</b><br />
Dengan penggunaan RIN dalam pemeriksaan dan dengan mengikut sequence / urutan kerja yang betul, kecacatan2 pada bangunan seharusnya berada pada aras minima. Namun begitu, apabila kedua2 item ini diabaikan, maka berlakulah kecacatan sebagaimana digambarkan disini.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-34476407262542745442012-01-24T21:30:00.000-08:002012-01-24T21:30:44.317-08:00RIN DAN PEMERIKSAAN OLEH C.O.W<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K01t3t42O7A/Tx-L7KYyH6I/AAAAAAAACUE/vVqRm6RSd4A/s1600/cowbook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K01t3t42O7A/Tx-L7KYyH6I/AAAAAAAACUE/vVqRm6RSd4A/s320/cowbook.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Handbook untuk Clerk of Works yang dikeluarkan oleh Institut Clerk of Works, UK</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Fungsi C.O.W </b>kepada sesuatu projek sebagaimana yang digariskan dalam handbook ini di bawah 2.2 antaranya adalah untuk:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inspection : detecting workmanship which does not comply or materials which do not conform to the contract standards. This will usually mean <span style="background-color: yellow;">inspecting in detail </span>and <span style="background-color: yellow;">checking measurements regularly.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Kaedah Pemeriksaan di tapak (inspection procedures)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instrument yang diberi oleh kontraktor kepada C.O.W untuk digunakan dalam pemeriksaan ditapak adalah borang RIN (Request for Inspection) dimana hasil pemeriksaan dan statusnya dicatat pada borang tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>BORANG 'RIN'</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Borang ini mengandungi perincian tentang kerja yang hendak dibuat dengan menyatakan jenis kerja, tarikh utk dilaksanakan, tarikh meminta pemeriksaan oleh C.O.W , ruang komen oleh kontraktor setelah pemeiksaan dilakukan pada peringkat mereka, ruang komen oleh C.O.W apabila pemeriksaan dilakukan oleh C.O.W, status pemeriksaan dan ruang-ruang endorsement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>KECACATAN</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secara logiknya, apabila kontraktor telah melaksanakan pemeriksaan di peringkat mereka, apa jua kecacatan dapat dikesan dan diperbetulkan sebelum memanggil C.O.W untuk memeriksa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Namun sering berlaku pihak kintraktor bergantung terus kepada subkontraktor mereka tanpa memeriksa terlebih dahulu. Lalu mereka mengemukakan RIN kepada C.O.W untuk pengesahan pemeriksaan dan apabila terdapat kecacatan yg dikesan oleh C.O.W, kerja tersebut perlu diperbetulkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secara logik juga, apabila terdapat 2 level pemeriksaan ke atas kerja-kerja di tapak, kecacatan dapat dikawal ke tahap yang minima sahaja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ALIRAN RIN</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> RIN yang digunakan dalam sesuatu projek akan dikemukakan oleh kontraktor kepada C.O.W atau Resident Engineer/Architect/ID di pihak konsultan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seterusnya pihak konsultan akan memberikan status berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan. Kontraktor akan bertindak berdasarkan status tersebut samada:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.Kerja yg dibuat diterima sepenuhnya, kerja berikutnya boleh dilaksanakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.Kerja diterima tetapi terdapat kecacatan. Kecacatan perlu diperbaiki dan kerja berikutnya boleh dilaksanakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.Kerja diterima dengan kecacatan yang perlu diperbaiki tanpa kebenaran utk kerja berikutnya dilaksanakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.Kerja tidak diterima akibat kecacatan atau tidak mematuhi piawai spesifikasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kebiasaannya RIN ini kemudiannya akan diserahkan kepada pihak yang mewakili client untuk dokumentasi dan rekod.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Apa yang berlaku dikebanyakan projek ialah :-</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.RIN lambat dipulangkan kepada kontraktor menyebabkab kontraktor mengambil tindakan 'bulldoze' @ menjalankan kerja berikutnya tanpa kebenaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.Kontraktor tidak memperdulikan kecacatan yg perlu dibaiki malah melaksanakan kerja berikutnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.Kontraktor tidak mengemukakan RIN utk sesuatu kerja atau mengemukakan RIN sebahagian dari kerja itu dan susunan RIN yg keluarkan tidak dikawal, menyebabkan ada kawasan yg tidak diperiksa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.Kontraktor sekadar mengeluarkan RIN tanpa memeriksa kerja yang dibuat, menyebabkan pemeriksaan yg sebenarnya hanya dilakukan oleh C.O.W</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. C.O.W tidak benar2 memeriksa kerja tersebut dan hanya menandatangani RIN sahaja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6.C.O.W langsung tidak memperdulikan RIN sehingga bangunan diserahkan kepada client pun masih ada timbunan RIN yang tidak diperiksa. Bermakna kerja yang diminta untuk diperiksa itu tidak diperiksa. Akibatnya, bangunan yang disiapkan itu akan penuh dengan kecacatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wP9JUMSXZP4/Tx-L0-k9SiI/AAAAAAAACT8/zSYPsgaw7rI/s1600/IMG_20120125_084818.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wP9JUMSXZP4/Tx-L0-k9SiI/AAAAAAAACT8/zSYPsgaw7rI/s320/IMG_20120125_084818.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">contoh RIN yang tidak diperiksa w/pun bangunan telah diserahkan kepada client.</span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-67580895063572604842012-01-22T16:27:00.001-08:002012-01-22T16:27:49.578-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hT0TSWMHb0g/TxypU5_S9uI/AAAAAAAACTs/fd3hdTbahBs/s1600/LOGO+PERSATUAN.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hT0TSWMHb0g/TxypU5_S9uI/AAAAAAAACTs/fd3hdTbahBs/s400/LOGO+PERSATUAN.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Persatuan untuk kebajukan para Clerk of Works sila klik di <a href="http://pppbm2012.blogspot.com/">sini</a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-46361777244432647482012-01-18T11:33:00.000-08:002012-01-18T11:40:05.618-08:00Penyampaian Maklumat Projek<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fUIHW-ywFnE/TxcXElckZNI/AAAAAAAACTY/66RV3gmQjAc/s1600/kemilau+rembang+mentari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fUIHW-ywFnE/TxcXElckZNI/AAAAAAAACTY/66RV3gmQjAc/s400/kemilau+rembang+mentari.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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Maklumat adalah penting dalam sesuatu projek. Seorang ketua yang efektif seharusnya menyampaikan maklumat kepada anak2 buahnya secara sama rata untuk kepentingan projek. Namun dalam kes tertentu kedapatan situasi di mana maklumat itu disampaikan kepada salah seorang dari orang bawahannya. Samada diarah atau tidak, sang penerima maklumat itu seharusnya menyebarkan kepada rakan yang lain demi kelangsungan projek.</div>
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Apabila berlaku kes penyampaian maklumat yang tidak teratur bermakna terdapat sesuatu yang tersirat:-</div>
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1. Ketua menyampaikan maklumat kepada A dan A memanjangkan kepada B. Semua orang punya maklumat yang sama tentang projek itu.</div>
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2. A kemudiannya membalas maklumat itu kepada ketua dan memaklumkan kepada B tentang balasan itu. semua orang punya maklumat yang sama tentang projek itu.</div>
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3. Ketua memberikan maklumat kepada B. Maklumat itu dipendam oleh B untuk pengetahuannya seorang - bermakna A tiada maklumat tentang projek itu. Kemungkinan B cuba menyorok maklumat dari A agar dilihat sebagai lebih efisien dalam kerja.</div>
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4. Ketua lebih suka menyalurkan maklumat kepada salah seorang sahaja antara A dan B dan tidak kesah samada salah seorang dari A dan B itu punya maklumat atau tidak.Ini mengambarkan sikap ketua itu sebagai :-</div>
a. Menganggap maklumat itu disampaikan kepada rakan sekerja oleh si penerimanya<br />
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b.Memang mahukan salah seorang saja yang tahu maklumat itu, cth: A, dan tidak kesah sekiranya B tidak tahu</div>
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c.Ketua memang tidak sukakan salah seorang dari A / B lalu pekerja kesukaannya saja yang diberikan maklumat.</div>
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Begitu juga, antara rakan sekerja seharusnya saling menyalurkan maklumat. Namun terdapat juga kes dimana maklumat itu sukar disalurkan kerana:-</div>
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1.Rakan kerja selalu ponteng masa bekerja. Lebih parah lagi rakan jenis yang hanya datang pagi untuk punch card masuk dan datang lewat petang untuk punch keluar. Keadaan ini memusnahkan teamwork dalam pasukan kerja. Malahan di pihak ketua, akan melihat pekerja itu sebagai seorang yang rajin sedangkan masa kerja dihabiskan untuk hal2 lain umpamanya menghantar anak ke skolah, tidur di rumah dll hal peribadi.</div>
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2.Salah seorang pekerja cuba menunjuk kepada ketua bahawa dia menjalankan kerja lalu timbul situasi untuk memusnahkan kawan lain. Natijah dari situasi ini berlakulah keadaan di mana pekerja tersebut lebih rapat dengan pihak di luar dari pasukan kerja, cth: kontraktor, dari rakan sendiri. Keadaan ini juga mewujudkan pandangan serong komuniti projek kepada rakannya itu</div>
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3.Apabila salah seorang dari pekera itu dianggap problem maker kepada kontraktor, pekerja yang satu lagi akan menjadi favourite kontraktor. Keadaan ini akan menjadikan kebanyakan kerja pemeriksaan atau pemantauan hanya dimaklumkan kepada pekerja tersebut sahaja. situasi ini menambah buruk lagi pandangan komuniti projek kepada pekerja yang tidak menjadi favourite kontraktor.</div>
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Banyak lagi faktor penting yang boleh diperincikan tentang kepentingan menyalurkan maklumat perojek mengikut aliran yang betul. Namun begitu, sebagai pembuka isu, artikel ini di harap dapat membuka mata anda.</div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-40663179115068053982012-01-16T06:10:00.000-08:002012-01-16T06:10:59.187-08:00Apakah kita hipokrit?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cw3YTLnywIw/TxQsbOQdJpI/AAAAAAAACTI/KsSgrpsUUzY/s1600/the+truth+will+revail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cw3YTLnywIw/TxQsbOQdJpI/AAAAAAAACTI/KsSgrpsUUzY/s400/the+truth+will+revail.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Lazim bagi kontraktor merayakan kejayaan menyiapkan sesuatu projek dengan kenduri kendara atau apa jua kaedah sambutan. Namun bagi kita yang terlibat dalam industri ini sebagai pihak pengawas samada sebagai pengurus atau penyelia atau pemeriksa, pelbagai perasaan dirasai apabila suatu projek bermasalah akhirnya meraikan kejayaan penyiapannya.</div>
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Andainya projek tersebut benar2 disiapkan dengan kecacatan yang minima, tentulah kita juga terpanggil untuk sama2 meraikannya. Namun, andainya projek tersebut disiapkan dengan pelbagai isu yang terpaksa ditelan, sukar untuk kita sama meraikannya.</div>
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Bagi kontraktor, asal saja CPC dan CF berjaya diperolehi, sudah cukup bagi mereka. Soal defect, tolak tepi. Soal outstanding works pun tolak tepi, asal saja CPC dan CF diperolehi. Yang terkilan adalah mereka yang bertungkus lumus memastikan kualiti dan spesifikasi dipatuhi tetapi akhirnya karenah birokrasi memaksakan segalanya diterima.</div>
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Dari segi hukumnya, haram bagi kita memperaku apa jua kerja yang tidak siap sebagai telah siap. Namun dalam mengejar nama dan laba, ramai orang terlupa hukum hakam.Ramai orang terlupa bahawa Allah itu Maha Adil dan sebarang ketidak adilan itu tentulah ada balasannya, tak di sini tentulah di sana... Fikir2kanlah! </div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-77051976829900680112011-03-25T08:58:00.000-07:002011-03-25T08:58:10.015-07:00Maafkan saya..blog ini tak sempat utk dikemaskini. Terlalu bz buat masa ni. Saya hanya tumpu pada blog asal di sini<br />
<a href="http://doctorbuilding.blogspot.com/">http://doctorbuilding.blogspot.com/</a><br />
Anyway, terima kasih kerana sudi jugak menjengok.Insya allah saya akan hidupkan semula blog ni suatu masa nanti.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-52347890372949609602010-10-28T20:43:00.001-07:002010-10-28T20:43:36.459-07:00<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 275px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 20px; width: 470px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="275" src="http://media1.malaysiakini.com/267/0a986f8bff5f2b2a52f92c69464fbe66.jpg" width="470" /></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><big style="color: #3333ff;"><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kos istana baru RM811 juta, tiada tender terbuka</span></big></big></big></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kos pembinaan Istana Negara yang baru di Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur, telah meningkat dua kai ganda dalam tempoh empat tahun, demikian Dewan Rakyat diberitahu hari ini.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span><table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="pic-shadow" style="width: 261px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><img alt="" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/istana%202.jpg" style="height: 214px; width: 250px;" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Semasa sesi soal-jawab pagi ini, Timbalan Menteri Kerja Raya, Datuk Yong Khoon Seng berkata istana tersebut dianggar menelan belanja RM400 juta pada tahun 2006 tetapi kini kosnya meningkat kepada RM811 juta.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kontrak pembinaan Istana Negara yang baru itu diberikan kepada tiga syarikat melalui perundingan langsung, dan bukan melalui tender terbuka, kata Yong.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Katanya, kontrak tersebut diberikan melalui cara tersebut kerana Istana Negara adalah "unik" dan memerlukan pertimbangan keselamatan tambahan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br id="" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Kenyataannya itu mengundang reaksi daripada Nga Kor Ming (DAP-Taiping) - yang mengajukan soalan tersebut - dengan menyatakan bahawa perundingan langsung itu bertentangan dengan janji Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak di bawah Model Ekonomi Baru (MEB).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://malaysiakini.com/news/134465">malaysiakini</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-12025645803272032772010-10-28T20:41:00.001-07:002010-10-28T20:41:44.498-07:00<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="container" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; width: 1000px;"><tbody style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">
<tr style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"><td style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" valign="top" width="470"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"><tbody style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">
<tr style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"><td class="panel_headline" style="color: brown; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 20px;" valign="top">'Kampung Baru mesti kekal milik Melayu'</td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;">Kampung Baru adalah 100 peratus milik orang Melayu tanpa kompromi dan tidak boleh dibuka kepada bangsa lain kerana ia "satu-satunya aset Melayu-Islam di tengah-tengah Kuala Lumpur".<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><img align="left" alt="NONE" height="351" src="http://media1.malaysiakini.com/261/3067a319f6efe24933d49f7b071fe872.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 9px; margin-right: 9px; margin-top: 9px;" width="300" />Ahli parlimen Titiwangsa Dr Lo' Lo' Ghazali berkata cadangan Menteri Wilayah Persekutuan dan Kesejahteraan Bandar Datuk Raja Nong Chik Raja Zainal Abidin untuk membuka pemilikan sebanyak 40% kepada bukan Melayu di kawasan tersebut amat dikesali.<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />"Selama 110 tahun pemilik dan pewaris mempertahankan Kampung Baru meski pun dikelilingi bangunan-bangunan pencakar langit disekelilingnya. <br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />"Tiada sebab untuk mereka melepaskan pegangan kerana kelemahan kerajaan yang memerintah," katanya dalam satu kenyataan hari ini.<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />Katanya, penduduk kawasan itu rela membangunkan Kampung Baru dengan cara dan kemampuan sendiri daripada membiarkan aset bersejarah itu terlepas akibat himpitan pembangunan.<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />Dr Lo' Lo' berkata cadangan pembahagian itu hanya menyerlahkan kegagalan kerajaan mempertahankan kampung itu "walaupun UMNO mengaku sebagai pejuang dan juara Melayu".<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><img align="right" alt="dr lolo" height="64" src="http://media1.malaysiakini.com/114/96e4b108cf26b7a81150609c37020fc9.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-left: 9px; margin-right: 9px; margin-top: 9px;" width="64" />Beliau sebagai wakil rakyat untuk kawasan itu turut menggariskan beberapa perkara yang menurutnya perlu diberi perhatian dalam proses pembangunan tanah tersebut, antaranya:<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />- Menyalurkan dana khas daripada kerajaan tanpa penglibatan swasta atau pelabur-pelabur asing bagi memberi keyakinan kepada pemilik dan pewaris akan dapat mengekalkan aset mereka.<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />- Memastikan Pembangunannya mesti berimbang antara pembangunan fizikal, mental dan spiritual.<br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" /><br id="" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; letter-spacing: 0px;" />- Menjadikan Kampung Baru sebagai pusat sehenti Melayu di mana segala-segalanya berkaitan bangsa itu, termasuk kebudayaan, konsep kejuruteraan, ekonomi, sosial, kesenian dan sejarah Melayu terdapat di situ.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><a href="http://malaysiakini.com/news/133555">MKINI</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-7733086264626784192010-10-28T20:35:00.000-07:002012-01-16T06:40:49.681-08:00Environmental facades<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Recent</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Building</st1:placetype></st1:place> facades are expected to provide interior comfort, a feeling of openness, and in addition to saving energy. YKK AP is developing environmental facades, as a technology able to save energy, while delivering comfort by optimizing the interior environment, and cutting consumption.<br />
<br />
In the development process towards a facade design integrated with the building, it is essential to consider how the shading and insulation performance of the openings impacts energy saving and comfort. We will now present four types of environmental facade.<br />
<h4>
Categories of environmental facades</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<h3>
Environmental facades</h3>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Recent</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Building</st1:placetype></st1:place> facades are expected to provide interior comfort, a feeling of openness, and in addition to saving energy. YKK AP is developing environmental facades, as a technology able to save energy, while delivering comfort by optimizing the interior environment, and cutting consumption.<br />
<br />
In the development process towards a facade design integrated with the building, it is essential to consider how the shading and insulation performance of the openings impacts energy saving and comfort. We will now present four types of environmental facade.<br />
<h4>
Categories of environmental facades</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3>
Environmental facades</h3>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Recent</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Building</st1:placetype></st1:place> facades are expected to provide interior comfort, a feeling of openness, and in addition to saving energy. YKK AP is developing environmental facades, as a technology able to save energy, while delivering comfort by optimizing the interior environment, and cutting consumption.<br />
<br />
In the development process towards a facade design integrated with the building, it is essential to consider how the shading and insulation performance of the openings impacts energy saving and comfort. We will now present four types of environmental facade.<br />
<h4>
Categories of environmental facades</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h3>
Environmental facades</h3>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Recent</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Building</st1:placetype></st1:place> facades are expected to provide interior comfort, a feeling of openness, and in addition to saving energy. YKK AP is developing environmental facades, as a technology able to save energy, while delivering comfort by optimizing the interior environment, and cutting consumption.<br />
<br />
In the development process towards a facade design integrated with the building, it is essential to consider how the shading and insulation performance of the openings impacts energy saving and comfort. We will now present four types of environmental facade.<br />
<h4>
Categories of environmental facades</h4>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo9_7RcnSI/AAAAAAAAB6w/vmtpOtuMX_E/s1600/facade1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo9_7RcnSI/AAAAAAAAB6w/vmtpOtuMX_E/s1600/facade1.gif" /></a></div>
<h5>
Low-E glass and internal blinds</h5>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Blinds are located on the interior side</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">The heat from solar gain is absorbed, reflected by blinds on the interior side, and is radiated from the room.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Solar shading property is low.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Thermal Insulative property is equal to the glazing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solar heat gain coefficient<br />
η=0.30~0.55 η=approx.<br />
Thermal transmittance<br />
U=1.5 2.4 W/m2 K U=approx.<br />
*Above values vary with the property of glass and blind </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-AD1t0WI/AAAAAAAAB60/xcDvFxceH4U/s1600/facade2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-AD1t0WI/AAAAAAAAB60/xcDvFxceH4U/s1600/facade2.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">External blinds type</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Blinds are located on the exterior side</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">The heat from solar gain is absorbed, reflected by blinds on the interior side, and is radiated from the room.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Solar shading property is high.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Thermal Insulative property is equal to the glazing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solar heat gain coefficient<br />
η=0.05~0.10 η=approx.<br />
Thermal transmittance<br />
U=1.5 2.4 W/m2 K U=approx.<br />
*Above values vary with the property of glass and blind</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-A0QK5pI/AAAAAAAAB64/8D7FYWHCbFA/s1600/facade3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-A0QK5pI/AAAAAAAAB64/8D7FYWHCbFA/s1600/facade3.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">Mechanically ventilated type</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">This type uses double-pane glass with blinds between the panes, and pass air from the room interior through the cavity by mechanical ventilation.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">The solar heat absorbed by blinds is removed by mechanical ventilation.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Solar shading property is high.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Thermal Insulative property is higher than double-pane glass, due to the airflow in the cavity between the panes. (Varies with the air flow rate)</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solar heat gain coefficient<br />
η=0.15~0.25 η=approx.<br />
(when mechanical ventilation is on.)<br />
Thermal transmittance<br />
U=0.5~1.0(W/m2・K) U=approx.<br />
(when mechanical ventilation is on.)<br />
*Above values vary with the property of glass and blind and air flow rate </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-BfdU_VI/AAAAAAAAB68/AwEoCi9L3lg/s1600/facade4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-BfdU_VI/AAAAAAAAB68/AwEoCi9L3lg/s1600/facade4.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">Naturally ventilated type</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">This type uses double-pane glass with blinds between the panes, and pass air from outside through the cavity by stack effect.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">The solar heat absorbed by blinds is removed by ventilation.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Solar shading property is high.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Thermal Insulative property is higher than inner glazing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solar heat gain coefficient<br />
η=0.10~0.20 η=approx.<br />
Thermal transmittance<br />
U=1.5~3.5(W/m2・K) U=approx.<br />
*Above values vary with the property of glass and blind </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4>
Thermal property of facade and thermal load of perimeter zone</h4>
The relation between solar shading/ thermal insulation property of facade and thermal load of perimeter zone can be described as below.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-CAYG3OI/AAAAAAAAB7A/mSOCfarBAQQ/s1600/facade5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-CAYG3OI/AAAAAAAAB7A/mSOCfarBAQQ/s320/facade5.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Solar shading property is high = Low cooling load and high heating load[Figure 1-(A)]</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Thermal insulative property is high = High cooling load and low heating load[Figure 2-(C)]</li>
</ul>
In a warm area such as <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tokyo</st1:place></st1:city>, cooling loads account for the bulk of heating and cooling loads, the superior solar shading property of the facade is effective in reducing thermal loads all year round. It is vital to select the right facade system, with careful consideration of the balance between solar shading property and thermal insulation property, taking the region and orientation into account.<br />
<h4>
Thermal property of facade and interior comfort</h4>
For occupants of the building interior, comfort is important, not just energy saving. To secure comfort in the perimeter zone close to the facade, the temperature of the interior surface of the facade must be maintained at an appropriate level.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-DrkJdwI/AAAAAAAAB7I/-PDe-SBkyN8/s1600/facade7.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMo-DrkJdwI/AAAAAAAAB7I/-PDe-SBkyN8/s320/facade7.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<Summer and intermediate season></div>
When the solar heat raise the temperature of the interior surface. → Room is maintained at an appropriate level but occupants around window feel hot.<br />
<Winter><br />
When nighttime and cloudy weather fall the temperature of the interior surface. → Room is maintained at an appropriate level but occupants around window feel cold.<br />
*A facade with superior solar shading and thermal insulation property mitigates the impact of the changing exterior environment, reducing changing in the interior surface temperature of the facade to maintain comfort in the interior. Selection of the right facade system is also important for interior comfort as an assessment indicator.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
http://www.ykkapfacade.com/expertise/</div>
<br />
<h5>
<br />
</h5>
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-81102052140143834222010-10-27T00:52:00.001-07:002012-01-16T06:44:22.295-08:00TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #000099; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 36pt;">TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 59px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5532631712267477650" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfbOqrDopI/AAAAAAAAB0A/y7AIaRi-AZI/s320/CODEBREAKER.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 50px;" /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #ffcc66; font-family: Arial; font-size: 44pt;"></span><span style="color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 44pt;"><small><small><small><small><small>R</small>os<small>LEE TUMINOK</small></small> </small> </small></small></span><br />
<br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">What is top down construction?</span></big><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. A method of basement construction whereby the permanent slabs, in the form of perimeter ring, act to resist the lateral forces by soil pressure to retaining wall (d / wall) during excavation of basement.<br />
2. The sequence of slab construction is from the highest basement slab to the lowest basement slab. </div>
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Reasons for Opting to Top Down Method</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Deep basement -not practical to do open cut excavation as site is surrounded by existing utilities/ structures including Common Utility Tunnel ( CUT) on the east & underground LRT tunnel / station on the west<br />
<o:p> </o:p>2. Not practical to use ground anchors as tie back to diaphragm wall due to the above </div>
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Component of Works for Top Down Construction</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Earthworks<br />
2. Retaining Structure – Diaphragm Wall<br />
3. Bore Piling + Plunge in Column<br />
4. Deep Excavation<br />
5. R.C Works- Columns, Beams , Slabs </div>
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Component of Works for Bottom Up Construction</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Earthworks<br />
2. Retaining Structure – Diaphragm Wall<br />
3. Piling/ Foundation System- Bored Piling<br />
4. Deep Excavation<br />
5. Temporary Strutting – Steel Beam / Ground Anchor<br />
6. R.C Works- Columns, Beams , Slabs</div>
<o:p> </o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Table of Comparison</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold;">
Bottom-Up Sequence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold;">
Top-Down Sequence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> 1</o:p></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Earthworks</div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Earthworks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> 2</o:p></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Diaphragm Wall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Diaphragm Wall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> 3</o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Bore Piling</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Bore Piling + PIC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="width: 94px;">
<o:p> 4</o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Deep Excavation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Deep Excavation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> 5</o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Temporary Strutting</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
Temporary Strutting</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 100px;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> 6</o:p></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
RC Works – Slab &Beam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; vertical-align: top; width: 2.05in;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. EARTHWORKS</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Earthworks are engineering<br />
works created through the moving of<br />
massive quantities of soil<br />
2. Scope – excavation,cutting & filling,<br />
leveling & platforming<br />
3. Earth shall be excavated to required level<br />
4. Machineries used – excavator, bulldozer,</div>
backhoe, dump truck</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfbOs4TuWI/AAAAAAAAB0I/1rM7l_byzu0/s320/Picture1.jpg" /> <img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfbPAfi96I/AAAAAAAAB0Q/ZXWx7M3gC94/s320/Picture2.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfbPdAynkI/AAAAAAAAB0Y/zTtJRT3aJMs/s320/Picture3.jpg" /> <img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfbPSL7-lI/AAAAAAAAB0g/vS4vS454Bbw/s320/Picture4.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>2. DIAPHRAGM WALL</b><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Definition</span><br />
•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span> Permanent retaining wall structure in substructure construction<br />
<br />
•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span> Underground structural elements commonly used for retention system & permanent wall</div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b>The construction of diaphragm wall is commenced with a 20m wide working platform<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfcfbAYhHI/AAAAAAAAB0o/KX5RuyMYi1o/s320/Picture5.png" /><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Construction Method & Sequence<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
<b>Construction of Guide Wall<o:p></o:p></b><br />
Guide Wall 300 mm x 1.0 m is a temporary reinforced concrete wall constructed along the diaphragm wall alignment. The purpose of guide wall is to support the upper soil and guide the drilling equipment at the right location<br />
<br />
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfctG5mTfI/AAAAAAAAB0w/v9cXz9GoqRY/s320/Picture6.jpg" /><br />
Completed guide wall<br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Stability Fluid<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b>Bentonite Slurry<o:p></o:p></b><br />
Bentonite Slurry is used as a stability fluid during excavation. It is prepared by mixing bentonite powder with water in bentonite plant installed on site. Bentonite slurry is frequently recycled during usage and the properties of the slurry is checked prior to concreting.<br />
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
Mixing & Storage of Bentonite (Silo System)<br />
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfc-3qjMyI/AAAAAAAAB04/TJ49KW_aC3k/s320/Picture7.jpg" /><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
Bentonite Storage (Pool System)<br />
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfc_LgefQI/AAAAAAAAB1A/0Px8dH75ShI/s320/Picture8.jpg" /><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
Bentonite Supply Pipeline Networks</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfc_JE52HI/AAAAAAAAB1I/5gb6DQWltXM/s320/Picture9.jpg" /><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Diaphragm Wall Excavation</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> The excavation is carried out using a suspended mechanical line grab mounted on heavy crawler crane, to the full required depth. </li>
<li> The level of bentonite is kept as high as possible between the guide wall</li>
<li>Using the grab, excavated materials are loaded on trucks and removed out from site.</li>
<li> When excavation is completed, the bentonite slurry shall be replaced or recycled prior to placing reinforcement cage and concreting.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfc_Q43P8I/AAAAAAAAB1Q/lwWiZq4kPD8/s320/Picture10.jpg" /><br />
Grab machine</div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Excavation Sequences<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfc_ggfcFI/AAAAAAAAB1Y/g8KEtoG8Q6I/s320/Picture11.jpg" /><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfeI86MlCI/AAAAAAAAB2I/4voQK9D3uLM/s320/Picture12.jpg" /> </div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Installation of rubber water stop</div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfc_Q43P8I/AAAAAAAAB1Q/lwWiZq4kPD8/s320/Picture10.jpg" /><br />
End panel & water stop</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfeJC0rhVI/AAAAAAAAB2Q/LjKzre0bG_E/s320/Picture13.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
End panel in-place in the trench<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Steel Reinforcement Cage<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Steel Reinforcement (Rebar) Cage is fabricated on site and delivered by crane into the panel and lowered down into the trench.</li>
<li>Steel cage is placed in segments in the trench and positioned on the top of the guide wall at the required location within the excavated panel length.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1039" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture15.jpg" style="height: 213px; width: 310px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Fabrication of Rebar Cages</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfe2LyiVgI/AAAAAAAAB3I/18EjWLMAyOY/s320/Picture16.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Rebar Cage with Slab Starter Bar</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1041" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture17.jpg" style="height: 209px; width: 287px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Rebar cage</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1042" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture18.jpg" style="height: 348px; width: 284px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Hoisting rebar cage</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1043" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture19.jpg" style="height: 272px; width: 219px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Lowering down rebar cage intro the trench</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1044" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture20.jpg" style="height: 241px; width: 274px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
C.U.T Pipe Penetration Recess Inside Diaphragm Wall Steel Cage<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
<b>CONCRETING<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Special concrete mix design using 20% PFA (Pulverized Fuel Ash) + 80% OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement for Low Permeability & Low Absorption.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Concreting is placed by the tremie method.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Concrete is poured into the hopper and is raised from the bottom of the trench, displacing the bentonite slurry.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>The tremie pipe is kept immersed in the concrete at the bottom of panel to ensure fresh concrete does not mix with bentonite slurry.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1045" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture21.jpg" style="height: 134px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Concreting of diaphragm wall panel</div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">BORED PILING</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Definition</span><br />
Cast in situ pile formed by excavating a shaft of specified size 1,500mmDia & 1,050mmDia to required depth & casting the excavated shaft with concrete of specified strength after reinforcement is lowered down.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1046" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture22.jpg" style="height: 242px; width: 271px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Rotary drilling machines with telescopic Kelly bars and augers</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Type of Auger</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1047" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture23.jpg" style="height: 193px; width: 200px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1048" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture24.jpg" style="height: 192px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">BORING OF BORED PILE</span><br />
<b>method & construction sequence</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Kelly bars is mounted with auger</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Verticality of Kelly bar is checked</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Auger is lowered & boring commence</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Temporary casing is used to prevent collapse (top soil)</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Bentonite fluid is used to prevent collapse</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>If hard materials encountered- other drilling tools used – chiseling</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>After reaching required depth – cleaning bucket is used to clean bottom of b/hole</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1049" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture25.jpg" style="height: 131px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Installation of temporary casing</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1050" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture26.jpg" style="height: 151px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Boring work in progress</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1051" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture26.jpg" style="height: 151px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Drilling Using Cleaning Bucket</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1052" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture27.jpg" style="height: 130px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Fabrication of steel reinforcement </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1053" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture29.jpg" style="height: 121px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Steel Reinforcement Installation</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1054" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture30.jpg" style="height: 109px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Concrete is discharged into the bore holes using tremie method</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1055" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture31.jpg" style="height: 116px; width: 200px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Concreting Until Bentonite Overflow</div>
<br />
<b>4. Plunge-In Column</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Plunge-In Column (PIC), designed exclusively to support the basement slab during excavation, are installed concurrently with the piling work at the boring platform level</li>
<li>PIC are I beams designed to cater slab weight with max live load of 2.5 kPa in a grid of 8.5m x 9 m</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1056" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture32.png" style="height: 361px; width: 600px;" /></div>
Bored Piling work will commence from 1.5m below Ground Floor Level to the require bored pile depth.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1057" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture33.png" style="height: 396px; width: 600px;" /></div>
<br />
<br />
Plunge In Columns (350 x 350 Universal Beam) will be installed and embedded 2m into the bored pile immediately upon the concreting of Bored Piles.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1058" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture34.jpg" style="height: 200px; width: 332px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Plunge-in Column ( 350 x 350 Universal Beam) </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1059" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture35.jpg" style="height: 216px; width: 303px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Installation of Guide Frame</div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1060" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture36.jpg" style="height: 193px; width: 272px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Installation of PIC</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1061" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture37.jpg" style="height: 682px; width: 100px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
TYPICAL PLUNGE IN COLUMN</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1062" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture38.jpg" style="height: 347px; width: 400px;" /> <img height="441" shapes="_x0000_i1063" src="file:///C:/%5CDOCUME~1%5CABIHUS~1%5CLOCALS~1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image078.gif" width="552" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1064" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture40.jpg" style="height: 169px; width: 225px;" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Connection Plate to Plunge-in Columns</div>
<br />
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1065" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture41.jpg" style="height: 338px; width: 253px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1066" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture42.jpg" style="height: 232px; width: 313px;" /><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Completed Plunge-in Column inside Permanent Column (Composite)<o:p></o:p></div>
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4. Deep Excavation at Lower Basement<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1067" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture43.jpg" style="height: 235px; width: 313px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1068" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture44.jpg" style="height: 235px; width: 313px;" /><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5. REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Structural elements: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li>Column – a vertical structural element that transmit through compression the weight of the structure above to other element below</li>
<li>Beam- a structural element placed horizontally to carry vertical loads.The loads carries by a beam are transferred to columns, wall or girder, which in turn transfer the force to adjacent structural members</li>
<li>Slab – structural member that spanning between beams, walls, girders or column</li>
</ul>
-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>slab is used for floors<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION & SEQUENCE OF WORKS<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
1.Site is trimmed to a general platform of RL +30.50 to facilitate the commencement of bored pile & diaphragm wall<br />
2.Guide wall for diaphragm wall to constructed along the perimeter of wall with top of guide wall is approx. 300 mm below ground<br />
3. A perimeter working platform of approx. 20m wide perpendicular from d/wall alignment is to be allowed for d/wall activities where center portion to be cut down to RL +27.50 with 1:1 slope to facilitate bored piling works <br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Temporary Openings<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
Four (4) Temporary Openings will be provided at the Lift Core Wall area for the purpose of:<br />
1. Ventilation<br />
2. Access for construction materials<br />
& machineries<br />
3. Access for removal of excavated soil<br />
4. Construction of lift pit & core wall<br />
by conventional method (bottom up)<br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ground Floor slab will be cast once the Plunge In Columns were completely Installed at the particular Zone <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1069" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture45.png" style="height: 285px; width: 600px;" /><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Excavation to 1.5m below the Basement 1 slab will continue after 16 days casting of the Ground Floor Slab<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1070" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture46.png" style="height: 284px; width: 600px;" /><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Construction of Basement 1 slabs will then proceed<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1071" src="file:///C:/%5CDOCUME~1%5CABIHUS~1%5CLOCALS~1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image094.gif" style="height: 340px; width: 576px;" /><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
Preparation of Scaffolding, Formworks & Rebar for Lower Basement Slab<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1072" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture48.jpg" style="height: 169px; width: 225px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
Installation of Chemical Anchors for Slab Starter Bars<o:p></o:p><br />
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1073" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture49.jpg" style="height: 207px; width: 275px;" /> <img height="208" shapes="_x0000_i1074" src="file:///C:/%5CDOCUME~1%5CABIHUS~1%5CLOCALS~1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image100.jpg" width="277" /><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1075" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture51.jpg" style="height: 211px; width: 283px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1076" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture52.jpg" style="height: 210px; width: 279px;" /><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
Sequence of Works for Lower Basement Slab <o:p></o:p><br />
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1077" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture53.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1078" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture54.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1079" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture55.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1080" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture56.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><o:p> </o:p></b><br />
<b>Ground Monitoring Instrumentation<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The objectives :</span>-<br />
To monitor the effects of Deep Excavation works to Common Utility Tunnel (CUT) & Diaphragm Wall.<br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The Methods :</span>-<br />
Settlement Marker (inside CUT, Bldg & Adjacent Pavement)<br />
Strain Gauges<br />
Standpipe Piezometer<br />
Inclinometer<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Settlement Points for Common Utility Tunnel (CUT)<o:p></o:p></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1081" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture57.jpg" style="height: 237px; width: 314px;" /><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Monitoring Device : Inclinometer</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1082" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture58.jpg" style="height: 219px; width: 338px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
Subsequent excavation below the Basement 3 slab level will then proceed after 16 days casting of the Basement 1 slabs.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1083" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture59.png" style="height: 286px; width: 600px;" /></div>
Construction of Basement 3 slabs will continue.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1084" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture61.png" style="height: 286px; width: 600px;" /></div>
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Excavation to pilecap level will be carry out after construction of the basement 3 slab.<br />
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span>The Basement 2 slab will construct simultaneously while excavation to the lowest Basement is in progress.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1085" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture62.png" style="height: 283px; width: 600px;" /></div>
Construction of the Basement 4 slabs will then continue<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1086" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture63.png" style="height: 284px; width: 600px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Completed Basement Slabs</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1087" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture64.jpg" style="height: 235px; width: 313px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1088" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture65.jpg" style="height: 235px; width: 313px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b>CONSTRUCTION OF LIFT CORE WALL<o:p></o:p></b><br />
(conventional method)<br />
The construction work for lift core wall & lift pit (previously temporary openings) will be done using conventional method Due to lift pit level is lower than lowest basement slab, Contiguous Bored Piles (CBP) will be installed as retaining wall to facilitate the construction of lift pits<o:p></o:p><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b>Sequence Of CBP Works<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<ul>
<li>Construct CBP concurrently with the foundation bored piles from existing ground level<o:p></o:p></li>
<li>Cast CBP until RL 12.10 which is approximately 900mm from B4 level<o:p></o:p></li>
<li>Upon excavation until B4 level, construct 900mm thick capping beam to tie all CBP prior to the excavation for lift pit</li>
<li>Excavate to RL 9.00 for the installation of strutting and water at RL 10.00<o:p></o:p></li>
<li>Upon strutting, excavate further to final excavation at RL 3.00 for the casting of raft slab and build up shear wall</li>
<li>Remove strut before casting the remaining of B4 slab<o:p></o:p><o:p> </o:p></li>
</ul>
<b>Construction of Lowest Basement Pilecap at B4<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1089" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture66.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1090" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture67.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1091" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture68.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 219px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1092" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture69.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b>Installation of Pressure Relieve Valves<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1093" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture70.jpg" style="height: 235px; width: 313px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1094" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture71.jpg" style="height: 235px; width: 313px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<ul>
<li>Excavation of Lift Pits to the face of the contiguous bored piles will be carry out concurrently with the removal of excavated earth by hoisting out using cranes and buckets.</li>
<li>Construction of Lift wall pile caps will then continue.</li>
<li>Construction of Basement 4 columns will be carry out upon the completion of Basement 4 slabs.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1095" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture72.png" style="height: 285px; width: 600px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b>Construction of Lift Core Pile Cap<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1096" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture73.jpg" style="height: 162px; width: 216px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1097" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture74.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1098" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture75.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /> <img alt="" shapes="_x0000_i1099" src="file:///G:/website%20buildingdigestonline/image/TDC/Picture76.jpg" style="height: 163px; width: 217px;" /></div>
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<b>Construction of Shear Wall at B3-B4<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfha2KNV9I/AAAAAAAAB6g/px9aMzfM-WA/s320/Picture77.jpg" /> <img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfhaw4AExI/AAAAAAAAB6Y/BR6Svb6YSD0/s320/Picture78.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfhQdq2-zI/AAAAAAAAB6Q/iwoWLm6Am4Q/s320/Picture79.jpg" /> <img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfhB5k_S5I/AAAAAAAAB6A/PDasTtuhdTU/s320/Picture80.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Construction of Lift Pit walls will proceed to the Basement 4 level.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"> </span>Construction of the columns from B3 to B2 will then continue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfg43lITnI/AAAAAAAAB54/EvkOhCHaMVw/s320/Picture81.png" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Construction of Lift Wall and the columns from B4 to B3 will proceed and the temporary opening will be sealed off <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Construction of columns from B2 to B1 will then continue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfgm6OzeUI/AAAAAAAAB5Q/4os7HhlFD1c/s320/Picture83.png" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Similarly, the construction of Lift Wall and the columns from B3 to B2 will proceed and the temporary opening will be seal off.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Construction of columns from B1 to Ground Floor will continue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfgm6OzeUI/AAAAAAAAB5Q/4os7HhlFD1c/s320/Picture83.png" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Construction of Columns (Tower)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfgUm0saCI/AAAAAAAAB5I/M9jeebnPsG4/s320/Picture84.jpg" /> <img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfgUaczMFI/AAAAAAAAB5A/zmRzxNIvLoQ/s320/Picture85.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfgH5lOXMI/AAAAAAAAB44/LuUobMlNVbw/s320/Picture86.jpg" /> <img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfgHkTQavI/AAAAAAAAB4w/YrfBqEChjBc/s320/Picture87.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Construction of Columns (Podium)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMff7JzT-3I/AAAAAAAAB4o/3hYsFTq4f4U/s320/Picture88.jpg" /> <img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMff7EI5HrI/AAAAAAAAB4g/hKJjaujyaVk/s320/Picture89.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMffqrKvC3I/AAAAAAAAB4Y/hmROhbzncy4/s320/Picture90.jpg" /> <img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMffqoa4AvI/AAAAAAAAB4Q/Acf3dpd9jhg/s320/Picture91.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Construction of Lift wall and the columns from B2 to B1 will commence and the temporary opening will be sealed off.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<o:p></o:p>Construction of Lift Wall and the Columns from B1 to Ground Floor will proceed and finally temporary opening will be sealed off</div>
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Finally the construction of the Basement Car park is then complete</div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-72223745423457467652010-10-27T00:29:00.001-07:002010-10-27T00:45:24.370-07:00dwp architects: everrich 2 apartments<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 23px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><b><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfVp2g5s6I/AAAAAAAABy4/WFBSUJ5mClw/s320/ev01.jpg" /></b></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">the 'everrich 2' apartments by dwp architects</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">all images courtesy dwp architects</span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >the 'everrich 2' apartments by vietnamese </span><a href="http://www.dwp.com/" target="_blank" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; ">dwp architects</a><span class="Apple-style-span" > is a housing complex which</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >measures 630,000 square meters, and reaches a height of 37 storeys. in total,</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >there are 3,100 apartment units ranging from 120 to 250 square meters each,</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >with two floors of mixed retail and public space on the ground level. the project aims to be</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >a self-sustaining community in district 7, ho chi minh city, and construction has already</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >begun with approval from local authorities.</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfVqE5sCvI/AAAAAAAABzA/Bc9bnKCK8ps/s320/ev02.jpg" /></span></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">the 'everrich 2' apartments at night</span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfVqGBfhsI/AAAAAAAABzI/xlKyFkAutj8/s320/ev03.jpg" /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">the 'everrich 2' apartments</span></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >in its concept phase the building's form was influenced a single continuous loop, or a mobius</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >strip. the mammoth structure was softened into the shape of an undulating organic wave,</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >creating different views, sun angles and breeze flows throughout. the final design is still true to</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >the intentions of the original concept, offering various styles of dwelling units and many</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >opportunities for different kinds of glazing and natural landscaping.</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfVqRpYcZI/AAAAAAAABzQ/ZZV0ZSP8at4/s320/ev04.jpg" /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">detail of gardens</span></div></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">dwp’s green strategies, such as precast concrete and maximization of local masonry, are all<br />included in the project. the architects produced a design that maintained good views<br />from all apartments and incorporated a number of sustainable details including natural ventilation,<br />sky gardens, green roofs and lavational shading treatments that will make the building very efficient<br />in terms of energy usage.<br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfVqea_UgI/AAAAAAAABzY/5podewsOHfg/s320/ev05.jpg" /></div><span><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a view from a distance</span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >standing in an open, fairly uninhabited part of district 7, this building will be an example</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >of living on a grand scale in vietnam.</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfXMwTlIVI/AAAAAAAABzg/21BeZ7WhRzk/s320/ev06.jpg" /></div><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center;">detail of the roof gardens</div></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfXNGmBMoI/AAAAAAAABzo/N_-jhgaKDTQ/s320/ev07.jpg" /></span></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">aerial view</span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfXNdorCpI/AAAAAAAABzw/QDUNXErYkmA/s320/ev08.jpg" /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a pool on one side of the roof</span></div></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_WUATsVM91Mo/TMfXNTBYGsI/AAAAAAAABz4/q1yWFN0LnkY/s320/ev09.jpg" /></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">the inside garden, consists of pools and sporting fields</span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><strong style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; ">project info:</strong><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >project name: the everrich 2 apartments</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >location: phu thuan ward, district 7, ho chi min city</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >client: phat dat real estate development corporation</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >principal architect: dwp vietnam</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >m&e engineers: pme</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >c&s engineers: ace</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >contractor: coteccon</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >construction start: january 2010</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >scheduled completion date:february 2012</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >building height (m): 129 m</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >building height (storeys): 37 storeys</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >gross floor area:639,500 m2</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" >site area: 112,585 m2</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/10503/dwp-architects-everrich-2-apartments.html</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-47528611820877751542010-10-27T00:17:00.001-07:002010-10-28T20:45:30.355-07:00BERITA BANGUNAN<a href="http://buildingdigest-online.blogspot.com/2010/10/kampung-baru-mesti-kekal-milik-melayu.html">KAMPUNG BARU MESTI KEKAL MILIK MELAYU</a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://buildingdigest-online.blogspot.com/2010/10/kos-istana-baru-rm811-juta-tiada-tender.html">Kos istana baru RM811 juta, tiada tender terbuka</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-79119587345627142392010-10-26T23:41:00.001-07:002012-06-23T10:43:04.428-07:00Cahaya Lebih Baik, Mata Lebih Sihat<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 23px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
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<b>Oleh Hazlinda Hamzah</b><br />
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PETALING JAYA, 1 Julai (Bernama) -- Dalam bilik darjah di sekolah, adalah satu kebiasaan bagi pelajar terpaksa 'menyepetkan' mata mereka bagi melihat dengan lebih terang apa yang ditulis guru di atas papan hitam.<br />
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Kini, mereka masih terpaksa melakukan perkara yang sama walaupun papan hitam di kebanyakan sekolah sudah bertukar menjadi 'putih dan berkilau'. Cahaya dari tingkap dan pintu kaca menambahkan lagi silauan itu.<br />
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Lantaran itu, apakah langkah yang dibuat pihak sekolah bagi memastikan cahaya yang sesuai bagi keselesaan bagi murid dan guru dalam bilik darjah.<br />
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Bajet yang agak ketat serta kos elektrik dan belanja penyelenggaraan tinggi memberi tekanan kepada sekolah. Inilah masanya badan swasta patut membantu melalui program-program Tanggungjawab Sosial Korporat (CSR) mereka.<br />
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<b>EFISYEN TENAGA</b><br />
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Baru-baru ini Philips Malaysia Sdn Bhd telah memilih tiga sekolah bagi program yang mana lampu di tiga bilik darjah di setiap sekolah diganti.<br />
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Dalam program tersebut, mentol serta lampu berkonsep efisyen tenaga telah dipasang di bilik darjah tahun 4, 5 dan 6 bagi memberi lebih cahaya terang dalam bilik darjah.<br />
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Pelajar juga menerima pendedahan semasa sesi pembelajaran dalam kumpulan kecil yang dikendalikan petugas Philip Malaysia. Mereka diajar dalam aspek tabiat kehidupan yang baik serta perkara yang berhubung kebersihan diri serta efisyen tenaga.<br />
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Tiga sekolah yang dipilih adalah SRK Assunta, SK Sri Petaling (di Petaling Jaya) dan SK Kampung Tunku.<br />
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Menurut Guru Besar SRK Assunta (1) Nor'Adza Ismail, guru dan pelajar dapat menyesuaikan diri mereka dengan suasana cahaya yang baru itu dengan baik sekali.<br />
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Menurut Nor'Adza, lampu jenis efisyen tenaga yang dipasang tidak berkelip walaupun semasa ribut petir.<br />
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"Saya tanya pelajar tentang lampu baru itu. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> yang berkata ianya agak malap dan ada juga yang menyatakan ianya baik dan sesuai serta 'lembut' bagi mata.<br />
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"Yang bagusnya adalah sesi pembelajaran dalam kumpulan kecil. Sesi tersebut memberikan pengalaman baru buat pelajar samada di sekolah atau rumah," Nor'Adza memberitahu Bernama di sekolah tersebut baru-baru ini.<br />
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<b>PERUBAHAN TABIAT</b><br />
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Menurut Guru Besar SK Kampung Tunku, Ainon Abdullah, semenjak lampu-lampu baru itu dipasang terdapat perubahan bagi murid-murid beliau.<br />
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Walaupun ianya masih terlampau awal untuk membuat kesimpulan, beliau mendapati murid-muridnya sudah kurang resah dan dapat fokus terhadap apa yang diajar di bilik darjah.<br />
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Pelajar dan guru telah memberitahu saya lampu yang baru dipasang adalah kurang 'silau'. Itulah sesuatu yang baik sekurang-kurangnya penglihatan mereka tidak terganggu.<br />
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"Setelah tujuh tahun di sekolah ini, bagi saya program menukar lampu adalah satu perkara yang diperlukan. Mungkin lebih banyak bilik darjah dapat diberi kemudahan ini," kata Ainon.<br />
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Anum Zakiah Gam, Guru Besar SK Sri Petaling, murid-murid di kelas petang lebih banyak mencatat keputusan 'A' selepas mentol-mentol efisyen tenaga itu dipasang.<br />
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"Dibandingkan dengan pelajar sesi pagi yang mendapati lampu-lampu tersebut adalah terlampau terang oleh kerana bilik darjah mereka sememangnya sudah terang kerana disinari cahaya matahari waktu pagi".<br />
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<b>SUBSIDI <st1:place w:st="on">KOS</st1:place></b><br />
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Bagaimana jika sekolah-sekolah yang dipilih ingin menukar lampu di semua bilik darjah kepada jenis yang efisyen tenaga?<br />
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Adakah Philips <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region> mahu memberi subsidi pada kos?<br />
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Bila diajukan soalan ini, Pengerusi dan Ketua Pegawai Eksikutifnya Lee Weng Seong mengulas: "Sudah tentu kita boleh dan akan mengambilkira mengurangkan kos untuk tiga sekolah itu.<br />
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"Lampu-lampu (efisyen tenaga) ini adalah dari teknologi baru. Ianya menggunakan lampu kalimantang yang mempunyai 'ballast' elektronik dan akan menyala terus sebaik sahaja suis lampu ditekan dan tidak berkelip dulu (seperti lampu yang sebelumnya).<br />
<br />
"Oleh itu haba yang dikeluarkan adalah lebih rendah".<br />
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Menurut Lee tiga sekolah di Pulau Pinang juga akan mendapat kemudahan seperti ini tidak lama lagi.<br />
<br />
<b>TENAGA MAMPAN</b><br />
<br />
Kata Lee syarikat tersebut telah meletakkan pembangunan mampan sebagai polisi utamanya dalam membantu perkembangan ekonomi di negara-negara membangun.<br />
<br />
"Ini membantu dalam perlindungan alam sekitar. Kempen SimplyHealthy@Schools adalah kesinambungan visi kami.<br />
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"Kempen ini bertujuan membina kota-kota mampan di <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> dengan menggalakkan penggunaan lampu-lampu efisyen tenaga bagi memastikan penggunaan efektif dalam era urbanisasi," terang Lee.<br />
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Sistem 'ballast' Philips yang baru mengeluarkan tenaga sehingga 262.8KWh atau RM99.90 setahun dari segi kos. Lampu-lampu ini lebih 'bertenaga' dan terang sebanyak 30 peratus jika dibandingkan dengan lampu yang menggunakan sistem magnetik.<br />
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<b>KELEBIHAN</b><br />
<br />
Bagi tiga sekolah di Lembah Klang yang dipasang lampu baru, ketiga-tiganya dapat mengurangkan kos operasi dari segi belanja peralatan elektrik selain daripada mempunyai lampu yang lebih panjang usia dan terang selain dari merendahkan suhu operasi.<br />
<br />
"Kempen ini telah dilancarkan dengan jayanya di negara-negara seperti Thailand, India, Russia, United Kingdom, Ireland, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong dan Belanda.<br />
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"Kami adalah sangat positif tentang teknologi baru ini yang dapat menjimatkan kos dan mengurangkan pengeluaran karbon di seluruh dunia sebanyak 50 juta tan bagi satu bulan".<br />
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Menurut Lee ini adalah bersamaan 130 juta tong minyak sebulan.<br />
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Mengurangkan pengeluaran karbon sudah tentunya satu daripada kaedah mampan bagi memelihara alam sekitar.<br />
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Lantas, keperluan bagi pengetahuan serta kesedaran yang lebih besar terhadap tenaga efisyen dan sumber-sumber tenaga alternatif adalah lebih diperlukan berbanding masa lampau.<br />
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-- BERNAMA<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsfeatures.php?id=510085">http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsfeatures.php?id=510085</a></div>
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-82558158048336471502010-10-26T23:40:00.000-07:002010-10-26T23:40:48.277-07:00COOLING TOWERS<div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 22px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><b>Cooling towers</b> are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in <span class="mw-redirect">oil refineries</span>, chemical plants, power stationshyperboloid structures (as in Image 1) that can be up to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structures (as in Image 2) that can be over 40 metres tall and 80 metres long. Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while larger ones are constructed on site. They are often associated with nuclear power plants in popular culture.and building cooling. The towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">A hyperboloid cooling tower was patented by <span class="new">Frederik van Iterson</span> and <span class="new">Gerard Kuypers</span> in 1918. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0">[1]</sup></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_use">Classification by use</span></h2><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cooling towers can generally be classified by use into either <i>HVAC</i><span class="mw-redirect">air-conditioning</span>) or <i>industrial</i> duty as suggested by <span class="new">Rantael, Rogellito</span> and <span class="new">Stronghold, April</span> in the book The Mystery of Cooling Towers Unfolded.</div><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="HVAC">HVAC</span></h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">An HVAC cooling tower is a subcategory rejecting heat from a chiller. Water-cooled chillers are normally more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers due to heat rejection to tower water at or near wet-bulb temperatures. Air-cooled chillers must reject heat at the dry-bulb temperature, and thus have a lower average reverse-Carnot cycle effectiveness. Large office buildings, hospitals, and schools typically use one or more cooling towers as part of their air conditioning systems. Generally, industrial cooling towers are much larger than HVAC towers.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
HVAC use of a cooling tower pairs the cooling tower with a water-cooled chiller or water-cooled condenser. A <i>ton</i>of air-conditioning is the removal of 12,000 <span class="mw-redirect">Btu/hour</span> (3517 W). The <i>equivalent ton</i> on the cooling tower side actually rejects about 15,000 Btu/hour (4396 W) due to the heat-equivalent of the energy needed to drive the chiller's compressor. This <i>equivalent ton</i> is defined as the heat rejection in cooling 3 U.S. gallons/minute (1,500 pound/hour) of water 10 °F (5.56 °C), which amounts to 15,000 Btu/hour, or a chiller coefficient-of-performance (COP) of 4.0. This COP is equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 13.65.</div><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Industrial_cooling_towers">Industrial cooling towers</span></h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as machinery or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial cooling towers is to remove the heat absorbed in the circulating cooling water systems used in <span class="mw-redirect">power plants</span>, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, food processing plants, semi-conductor plants, and for other industrial facilities such as in condensers of distillation columns, for cooling liquid in crystallization, etc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1">[2]</sup> The circulation rate of cooling water in a typical 700 MW <span class="mw-redirect">coal-fired power plant</span> with a cooling tower amounts to about 71,600 cubic metres an hour (315,000 U.S. gallons per minute) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"></sup> and the circulating water requires a supply water make-up rate of perhaps 5 percent (i.e., 3,600 cubic metres an hour).</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">If that same plant had no cooling tower and used <b>once-through cooling</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"> </sup>and that amount of water would have to be continuously returned to the ocean, lake or river from which it was obtained and continuously re-supplied to the plant. Furthermore, discharging large amounts of hot water may raise the temperature of the receiving river or lake to an unacceptable level for the local ecosystem. Elevated water temperatures can kill fish and other aquatic organisms. (See <i>thermal pollution.</i>) A cooling tower serves to dissipate the heat into the atmosphere instead and wind and air diffusion spreads the heat over a much larger area than hot water can distribute heat in a body of water. Some coal-fired and <span class="mw-redirect">nuclear power plants</span> located in <span class="mw-redirect">coastal</span> areas do make use of once-through ocean water. But even there, the offshore discharge water outlet requires very careful design to avoid environmental problems. water, it would require about 100,000 cubic metres an hour</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Petroleum refineries also have very large cooling tower systems. A typical large refinery processing 40,000 metric tonnes of crude oil per day (300,000 barrels per day) circulates about 80,000 cubic metres of water per hour through its cooling tower system.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The world's tallest cooling tower is the 200 metre tall cooling tower of Niederaussem Power Station.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Heat_transfer_methods">Heat transfer methods</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 242px;"><span class="image"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="214" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg/240px-Factory_assembled_crossflow.jpg" width="240" /></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span class="internal"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></span></div>Mechanical draft crossflow cooling tower used in an HVAC application</div></div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">With respect to the heat transfer mechanism employed, the main types are:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><i>Wet cooling towers</i> or simply <i>cooling towers</i> operate on the principle of <span class="mw-redirect">evaporation</span>. The working fluid and the evaporated fluid (usually H<sub>2</sub>O) are one and the same.</li>
<li><i>Dry coolers</i> operate by heat transfer through a surface that separates the working fluid from ambient air, such as in a heat exchanger, utilizing convective heat transfer. They do not use evaporation.</li>
<li><i>Fluid coolers</i> are hybrids that pass the working fluid through a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and a fan-induced draft applied. The resulting heat transfer performance is much closer to that of a wet cooling tower, with the advantage provided by a dry cooler of protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure.</li>
</ul><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In a wet cooling tower, the warm water can be cooled to a temperature lower than the ambient air dry-bulb temperature, if the air is relatively dry. (see: dew point and psychrometrics). As ambient air is drawn past a flow of water, evaporation occurs. Evaporation results in saturated air conditions, lowering the temperature of the water to the <span class="mw-redirect">wet bulb</span> air temperature, which is lower than the ambient dry bulb air temperature, the difference determined by the humidity of the ambient air.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">To achieve better performance (more cooling), a medium called <i>fill</i> is used to increase the surface area between the air and water flows. <i>Splash fill</i><i>Film fill</i> is composed of thin sheets of material upon which the water flows. Both methods create increased surface area. consists of material placed to interrupt the water flow causing splashing.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Air_flow_generation_methods">Air flow generation methods</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><span class="image"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="236" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Forced_draft_cooling_tower.jpg/200px-Forced_draft_cooling_tower.jpg" width="200" /></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span class="internal"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></span></div>A forced draft cooling tower</div></div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">With respect to drawing air through the tower, there are three types of cooling towers:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><i>Natural draft</i>, which utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air <i>naturally</i> rises due to the density differential to the dry, cooler outside air. Warm moist air is less dense than drier air at the same pressure. This moist air buoyancy produces a current of air through the tower.</li>
<li><i>Mechanical draft</i>, which uses power driven fan motors to force or draw air through the tower.<ul><li><i>Induced draft</i>: A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge which pulls air through tower. The fan <i>induces</i> hot moist air out the discharge. This produces low entering and high exiting air velocities, reducing the possibility of <i>recirculation</i> in which discharged air flows back into the air intake. This fan/fin arrangement is also known as <i>draw-through</i>. (see Image 2, 3)</li>
<li><i>Forced draft</i>: A mechanical draft tower with a blower type fan at the intake. The fan <i>forces</i> air into the tower, creating high entering and low exiting air velocities. The low exiting velocity is much more susceptible to recirculation. With the fan on the air intake, the fan is more susceptible to complications due to freezing conditions. Another disadvantage is that a forced draft design typically requires more motor horsepower than an equivalent induced draft design. The forced draft benefit is its ability to work with high static pressure. They can be installed in more confined spaces and even in some indoor situations. This fan/fill geometry is also known as <i>blow-through</i>. (see Image 4)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Fan assisted natural draft. A hybrid type that appears like a natural draft though airflow is assisted by a fan.</li>
</ul><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Hyperboloid (a.k.a. hyperbolic) cooling towers (Image 1) have become the design standard for all natural-draft cooling towers because of their structural strength and minimum usage of material. The hyperboloid shape also aids in accelerating the upward convective air flow, improving cooling efficiency. They are popularly associated with <span class="mw-redirect">nuclear power plants</span>. However, this association is misleading, as the same kind of cooling towers are often used at large coal-fired power plants as well. Similarly, not all nuclear power plants have cooling towers, instead cooling their heat exchangers with lake, river or ocean water.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Categorization_by_air-to-water_flow">Categorization by air-to-water flow</span></h2><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Crossflow">Crossflow</span></h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Crossflow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow (see diagram below). Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill material. Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum area. A <i>distribution</i> or <i>hot water basin</i> consisting of a deep pan with holes or <i>nozzles</i> in the bottom is utilized in a crossflow tower. Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles uniformly across the fill material.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="image"><img alt="Crossflow diagram.PNG" height="384" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Crossflow_diagram.PNG" width="512" /></span></div><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Counterflow">Counterflow</span></h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In a counterflow design the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram below). Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media and is then drawn up vertically. The water is sprayed through pressurized nozzles and flows downward through the fill, opposite to the air flow.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="image"><img alt="Counterflow diagram.PNG" height="384" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/84/Counterflow_diagram.PNG" width="512" /></span></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Common to both designs:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li>The interaction of the air and water flow allow a partial equalization and evaporation of water.</li>
<li>The air, now saturated with water vapor, is discharged from the cooling tower.</li>
<li>A <i>collection</i> or <i>cold water basin</i> is used to contain the water after its interaction with the air flow.</li>
</ul><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Both crossflow and counterflow designs can be used in natural draft and mechanical draft cooling towers.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooling_tower_as_a_flue_gas_stack">Cooling tower as a flue gas stack</span></h2><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">At some modern power stations, equipped with <span class="mw-redirect">flue gas purification</span> like the <span class="mw-redirect">Power Station Staudinger Grosskrotzenburg</span> and the <span class="mw-redirect">Power Station Rostock</span>, the cooling tower is also used as a flue gas stack (industrial chimney). At plants without flue gas purification, problems with corrosion may occur.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><span class="image"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="132" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/KKP_Wasser.jpg/220px-KKP_Wasser.jpg" width="220" /></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span class="internal"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></span></div>Base of a cooling tower with falling water</div></div></div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance">Wet cooling tower material balance</span></h2><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Quantitatively, the material balance around a wet, evaporative cooling tower system is governed by the operational variables of makeup <span class="mw-redirect">flow rate</span>, evaporation and windage losses, draw-off rate, and the concentration cycles:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beychok_4-0">[5]</sup></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="image"><img alt="CoolingTower.png" height="349" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/CoolingTower.png" width="356" /></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="right"><b>M</b></td><td align="left">= Make-up water in m³/h</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>C</b></td><td align="left">= Circulating water in m³/h</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>D</b></td><td align="left">= Draw-off water in m³/h</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>E</b></td><td align="left">= Evaporated water in m³/h</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>W</b></td><td align="left">= Windage loss of water in m³/h</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>X</b></td><td align="left">= Concentration in <span class="mw-redirect">ppmw</span> (of any completely soluble salts … usually chlorides)</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>X<sub>M</sub></b></td><td align="left">= Concentration of chlorides in make-up water (M), in ppmw</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>X<sub>C</sub></b></td><td align="left">= Concentration of chlorides in circulating water (C), in ppmw</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>Cycles</b></td><td align="left">= Cycles of concentration = X<sub>C</sub> / X<sub>M</sub> (dimensionless)</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>ppmw</b></td><td align="left">= parts per million by weight</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">In the above sketch, water pumped from the tower basin is the cooling water routed through the process coolers and <span class="mw-redirect">condensers</span> in an industrial facility. The cool water absorbs heat from the hot process streams which need to be cooled or condensed, and the absorbed heat warms the circulating water (C). The warm water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles downward over the fill material inside the tower. As it trickles down, it contacts ambient air rising up through the tower either by natural draft or by forced draft using large fans in the tower. That contact causes a small amount of the water to be lost as windage (W) and some of the water (E) to evaporate. The heat required to evaporate the water is derived from the water itself, which cools the water back to the original basin water temperature and the water is then ready to recirculate. The evaporated water leaves its dissolved salts behind in the bulk of the water which has not been evaporated, thus raising the salt concentration in the circulating cooling water. To prevent the salt concentration of the water from becoming too high, a portion of the water is drawn off (D) for disposal. Fresh water makeup (M) is supplied to the tower basin to compensate for the loss of evaporated water, the windage loss water and the draw-off water.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">A water balance around the entire system is:</div><dl style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><dd>M = E + D + W</dd></dl><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Since the evaporated water (E) has no salts, a chloride balance around the system is:</div><dl style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><dd>M (X<sub>M</sub>) = D (X<sub>C</sub>) + W (X<sub>C</sub>) = X<sub>C</sub> (D + W)</dd></dl><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">and, therefore:</div><dl style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><dd><b>X<sub>C</sub> / X<sub>M</sub> = Cycles of concentration = M ÷ (D + W) = M ÷ (M – E) = 1 + [E ÷ (D + W)]</b></dd></dl><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">From a simplified heat balance around the cooling tower:</div><dl style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><dd><b>E = C · ΔT · c<sub>p</sub> ÷ H<sub>V</sub></b></dd></dl><table border="0" cellpadding="2" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="right">where:</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>H<sub>V</sub></b></td><td align="left">= latent heat of vaporization of water = ca. 2260 kJ / kg</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>ΔT</b></td><td align="left">= water temperature difference from tower top to tower bottom, in °C</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><b>c<sub>p</sub></b></td><td align="left">= specific heat of water = ca. 4.184 kJ / (kg<img alt="\cdot" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/6/f/36f8ae4c86b69d52d037a6802d91cc4a.png" />°C)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Windage (or drift) losses (W) from large-scale industrial cooling towers, in the absence of manufacturer's data, may be assumed to be:</div><dl style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><dd><b>W</b> = 0.3 to 1.0 percent of C for a natural draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators</dd><dd><b>W</b> = 0.1 to 0.3 percent of C for an induced draft cooling tower without windage drift eliminators</dd><dd><b>W</b> = about 0.005 percent of C (or less) if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators</dd></dl><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cycles of concentration represents the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the recirculating cooling water. Draw-off (or blowdown) is used principally to control the buildup of these minerals.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">The chemistry of the makeup water including the amount of dissolved minerals can vary widely. Makeup waters low in dissolved minerals such as those from surface water supplies (lakes, rivers etc.) tend to be aggressive to metals (corrosive). Makeup waters from ground water supplies (wells) are usually higher in minerals and tend to be scaling (deposit minerals). Increasing the amount of minerals present in the water by cycling can make water less aggressive to piping however excessive levels of minerals can cause scaling problems.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">As the cycles of concentration increase the water may not be able to hold the minerals in solution. When the solubility of these minerals have been exceeded they can <span class="mw-redirect">precipitate</span> out as mineral solids and cause fouling and heat exchange problems in the cooling tower or the <span class="mw-redirect">heat exchangers</span>. The temperatures of the recirculating water, piping and heat exchange surfaces determine if and where minerals will precipitate from the recirculating water. Often a professional water treatment consultant will evaluate the makeup water and the operating conditions of the cooling tower and recommend an appropriate range for the cycles of concentration. The use of water treatment chemicals, pretreatment such as water softening, pH adjustment, and other techniques can affect the acceptable range of cycles of concentration.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Concentration cycles in the majority of cooling towers usually range from 3 to 7. In the United States the majority of water supplies are well waters and have significant levels of dissolved solids. On the other hand one of the largest water supplies, New York City, has a surface supply quite low in minerals and cooling towers in that city are often allowed to concentrate to 7 or more cycles of concentration.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Besides treating the circulating cooling water in large industrial cooling tower systems to minimize scaling and fouling, the water should be <span class="mw-redirect">filtered</span>biocides and algaecides to prevent growths that could interfere with the continuous flow of the water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beychok_4-1">[5]</sup> For closed loop evaporative towers, <span class="mw-redirect">corrosion inhibitors</span> may be used, but caution should be taken to meet local environmental regulations as some inhibitors use <span class="mw-redirect">chromates</span>. and also be dosed with</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Ambient conditions dictate the efficiency of any given tower due to the amount of water vapor the air is able to absorb and hold, as can be determined on a psychrometric chart.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooling_towers_and_Legionnaires.27_disease">Cooling towers and Legionnaires' disease</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><span class="image"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/KKP_Auslauf.jpg/220px-KKP_Auslauf.jpg" width="220" /></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span class="internal"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></span></div>Cooling tower and water discharge of a nuclear power plant</div></div></div><div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Further information: Legionellosis and Legionella</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Another very important reason for using biocides in cooling towers is to prevent the growth of <i><b>Legionella</b></i>, including species that cause legionellosis or <i><b>Legionnaires' disease</b></i>, most notably <i>L. pneumophila</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5">[6]</sup><i>Legionella</i>species are the cause of <i>Legionnaires' disease</i> in humans and transmission is via exposure to aerosols—the inhalation of mist droplets containing the bacteria. Common sources of <i>Legionella</i> The various include cooling towers used in open recirculating evaporative cooling water systems, domestic hot water systems, fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a public water supply. Natural sources include freshwater ponds and creeks.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">French researchers found that <i>Legionella</i> spread through the air up to 6 kilometres from a large contaminated cooling tower at a petrochemical plant in Pas-de-Calais, France. That outbreak killed 21 of the 86 people that had a laboratory-confirmed infection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6">[7]</sup></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Drift (or windage) is the term for water droplets of the process flow allowed to escape in the cooling tower discharge. Drift eliminators are used in order to hold drift rates typically to 0.001%-0.005% of the circulating flow rate. A typical drift eliminator provides multiple directional changes of airflow while preventing the escape of water droplets. A well-designed and well-fitted drift eliminator can greatly reduce water loss and potential for Legionella or other chemical exposure.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Many governmental agencies, cooling tower manufacturers and industrial trade organizations have developed design and maintenance guidelines for preventing or controlling (by using <span class="external text">Neosens</span> FS sensor for example, the growth of <i>Legionella</i> in cooling towers. Below is a list of sources for such guidelines:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (1.35 MB)</span> - Procedure for Cleaning Cooling Towers and Related Equipment (pages 239 and 240 of 249)</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">Cooling Technology Institute</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (240 KB)</span> - Best Practices for Control of Legionella, July, 2006</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">Association of Water Technologies</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (964 KB)</span> - Legionella 2003</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">California Energy Commission</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (194 KB)</span> - Cooling Water Management Program Guidelines For Wet and Hybrid Cooling Towers at Power Plants</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">SPX Cooling Technologies</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (119 KB)</span> - Cooling Towers Maintenance Procedures</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">SPX Cooling Technologies</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (789 KB)</span> - ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000 - Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">SPX Cooling Technologies</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (83.1 KB)</span> - Cooling Tower Inspection Tips {especially page 3 of 7}</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">Tower Tech Modular Cooling Towers</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (109 KB)</span> - Legionella Control</li>
<li><span class="PDFlink"><span class="external text">GE Infrastructure Water & Process Technologies Betz Dearborn</span></span><span style="font-size: smaller;">PDF (195 KB)</span> - Chemical Water Treatment Recommendations For Reduction of Risks Associated with Legionella in Open Recirculating Cooling Water Systems</li>
</ul><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cooling_tower_fog">Cooling tower fog</span></h2><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Under certain ambient conditions, plumes of water vapor (fog) can be seen rising out of the discharge from a cooling tower (see Image 1), and can be mistaken as smoke from a fire. If the outdoor air is at or near saturation, and the tower adds more water to the air, saturated air with liquid water droplets can be discharged—what is seen as fog. This phenomenon typically occurs on cool, humid days, but is rare in many climates.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cooling_Tower_Operation_In_Freezing_Weather">Cooling Tower Operation In Freezing Weather</span></h2><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cooling towers with malfunctions can freeze during very cold weather. Typically, freezing starts at the corners of a cooling tower with a reduced or absent heat load. Increased freezing conditions can create growing volumes of ice, resulting in increased structural loads. During the winter, some sites continuously operate cooling towers with 40 °F (4 °C) water leaving the tower. Basin heaters, tower draindown, and other freeze protection methods are often employed in cold climates.</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li>Do not operate the tower unattended.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li>Do not operate the tower without a heat load. This can include basin heaters and heat trace. Basin heaters maintain the temperature of the water in the tower pan at an acceptable level. Heat trace is a resistive element that runs along water pipes located in cold climates to prevent freezing.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li>Maintain design water flow rate over the fill.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li>Manipulate airflow to maintain water temperature above freezing point.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7">[8]</sup></li>
</ul><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Some_commonly_used_terms_in_the_cooling_tower_industry">Some commonly used terms in the cooling tower industry</span></h2><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Drift</b> - Water droplets that are carried out of the cooling tower with the exhaust air. Drift droplets have the same concentration of impurities as the water entering the tower. The drift rate is typically reduced by employing baffle-like devices, called drift eliminators, through which the air must travel after leaving the fill and spray zones of the tower.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Blow-out</b> - Water droplets blown out of the cooling tower by wind, generally at the air inlet openings. Water may also be lost, in the absence of wind, through splashing or misting. Devices such as wind screens, louvers, splash deflectors and water diverters are used to limit these losses.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Plume</b> - The stream of saturated exhaust air leaving the cooling tower. The plume is visible when water vapor it contains condenses in contact with cooler ambient air, like the saturated air in one's breath fogs on a cold day. Under certain conditions, a cooling tower plume may present fogging or icing hazards to its surroundings. Note that the water evaporated in the cooling process is "pure" water, in contrast to the very small percentage of drift droplets or water blown out of the air inlets.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Blow-down</b> - The portion of the circulating water flow that is removed in order to maintain the amount of dissolved solids and other impurities at an acceptable level. It may be noted that higher TDS (total dissolved solids) concentration in solution results in greater potential cooling tower efficiency. However the higher the TDS concentration, the greater the risk of scale, biological growth and corrosion.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Leaching</b> - The loss of wood preservative chemicals by the washing action of the water flowing through a wood structure cooling tower.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Noise</b> - Sound energy emitted by a cooling tower and heard (recorded) at a given distance and direction. The sound is generated by the impact of falling water, by the movement of air by fans, the fan blades moving in the structure, and the motors, gearboxes or drive belts.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Approach</b> - The approach is the difference in temperature between the cooled-water temperature and the entering-air wet bulb temperature (twb). Since the cooling towers are based on the principles of evaporative cooling, the maximum cooling tower efficiency depends on the wet bulb temperature of the air. The wet-bulb temperature is a type of temperature measurement that reflects the physical properties of a system with a mixture of a gas and a vapor, usually air and water vapor</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Range</b> - The range is the temperature difference between the water inlet and water exit.</li>
</ul><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><li><b>Fill</b> - Inside the tower, fills are added to increase contact surface as well as contact time between air and water. Thus they provide better heat transfer. The efficiency of the tower also depends on them. There are two types of fills that may be used:<ul><li><b>Film type fill</b> (causes water to spread into a thin film)</li>
<li><b>Splash type fill</b> (breaks up water and interrupts its vertical progress)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fire_hazards">Fire hazards</span></h2><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Cooling towers which are constructed in whole or in part of combustible materials can support propagating internal fires. The resulting damage can be sufficiently severe to require the replacement of the entire cell or tower structure. For this reason, some codes and standards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8">[9]</sup> recommend combustible cooling towers be provided with an automatic fire sprinkler system. Fires can propagate internally within the tower structure during maintenance when the cell is not in operation (such as for maintenance or construction), and even when the tower is in operation, especially those of the induced-draft type because of the existence of relatively dry areas within the towers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9">[10]</sup>.</div><h2 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Stability">Stability</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><span class="image"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="187" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ferrybridge_power_station.jpg/250px-Ferrybridge_power_station.jpg" width="250" /></span><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span class="internal"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></span></div>Ferrybridge power station</div></div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Being very large structures, they are susceptible to wind damage, and several spectacular failures have occurred in the past. At Ferrybridge power station on 1 November 1965, the station was the site of a major structural failure, when three of the cooling towers collapsed due to vibrations in 85mph winds. Although the structures had been built to withstand higher wind speeds, the shape of the cooling towers meant that westerly winds were funnelled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight cooling towers were destroyed and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions. Building codes were changed to include improved structural support, and wind tunnel tests introduced to check tower structures and configuration.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-72028700427275525052010-10-18T11:20:00.000-07:002010-10-18T11:20:23.188-07:00World's longest tunnel breaks down Swiss Alpine barrier<div class="hd" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><h1 style="float: left; font-family: georgia, times, serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 33px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 519px;"><br />
</h1><a class="provider-logo" href="http://sg.rd.yahoo.com/partners/afp/SIG=10n1rur92/*http://www.afp.com/" id="provider-afp" style="color: #334499; float: right; padding-top: 0.2em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="AFP" height="27" src="http://sg.yimg.com/i/sg/providers/afp.gif?x=50&y=27&sig=CjikaFZMEWFGSz6HOwSwuQ--" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="50" /></a><div class="toolbar" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; zoom: 1;"><div class="byline" style="color: #666666; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><cite style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AFP - <abbr class="timedate" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-variant: normal;" title="Saturday, October 16">Saturday, October 16</abbr></cite></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><br />
</span></span></div></div><div class="bd" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div class="content" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">SEDRUN, Switzerland (AFP) - – A giant drilling machine punched its way through a final section of Alpine rock on Friday to complete the world's longest tunnel, after 15 years of sometimes lethal construction work.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In a stage-managed breakthrough, attended by some 200 dignitaries, 30 kilometres (20 miles) inside the tunnel and broadcast live on Swiss television, engineers from both sides shook hands after the bore had pummeled through the final 1.5 metres (five feet) of rock.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Here, in the heart of the Swiss Alps, one of the biggest environmental projects on the continent has become reality," said Swiss Transport Minister Moritz Leuenberger.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tunnel workers paid tribute to their colleagues who had died on the construction site with a minute's silence as the names of the eight victims were read out during an emotional ceremony for the breakthrough.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Workers, thank you, thank you, thank you. We have not only built a tunnel, we have written history," said Luzi Gruber of the construction company Implenia.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The 57-kilometre (35.4-mile) high-speed rail link, which will open in 2017, will form the lynchpin of a new rail network between northern and southeastern Europe and help ease congestion and pollution in the Swiss Alps.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It is the third tunnel to be built through the snowbound St. Gotthard area but it is much the longest and three kilometres longer than a rail link between two Japanese islands, the current record holder at 53.8 kilometres.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"The myth of the Gotthard has been broken for a third time. Our forefathers struggled from the Middle Ages onwards to make this mountain passable," Peter Fueglistaler, director of the Federal Transport office, told journalists gathered for the final breakthrough.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Passengers will ultimately be able to speed from the Italian city of Milan to Zurich in less than three hours and further north into Germany, cutting the journey time by an hour.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Once completed, around 300 trains should be able to speed through the Gotthard's twin tubes every day, at up to 250 kilometres per hour (155 mph) for passenger trains.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The 9.8-billion Swiss franc (7.0-billion euro, 9.8-billion dollar) tunnel, which is 9.5 metres in diameter, is also the fruit of strong popular environmental concern about pollution in the Swiss Alps.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Switzerland nonetheless struggled to convince sceptical European neighbours to support the ambitious and costly transalpine rail plans. But Swiss voters helped force the issue in 1994 by supporting a ban on heavy trucks driving across the Alps -- including the expanding flow of transiting EU goods traffic.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A nationwide poll published on Wednesday suggested that sentiment is undimmed, with two thirds supporting a ban on truck traffic through the Gotthard road tunnel and moving it on to rail.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">But a senior Swiss official warned the full benefit of the rail tunnel can only be realised if Germany and Italy complete complementary infrastructure.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"For a noticeable amount of freight to be shifted from road to rail, our neighbouring countries Germany and Italy will have to fulfill their contractual obligation to extend access routes," said Peter Fueglistaler, director of the government's Federal Transport Office.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In recent years, Austria, France and Italy have set in motion two similar rail tunnel projects through the eastern and western Alps, which are both planned to exceed 50 kilometres in length in the 2020s.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Apart from the economic and environmental implications, the spotlight was on more than 2,000 tunnel workers, especially following the rescue of Chile's trapped miners.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The builders, who have blasted and bored through 13 million cubic metres (460 million cubic feet) of rock, were feted at a celebration just above the breakthrough point in the mist-bound village of Sedrun.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As the two tunnels became one, tunnelers unfurled a Swiss flag to a thunder of applause.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">One of the first to make it through, Hubert Baer, told the crowd: "It's a wonderful feeling, it's an honour to have participated in the construction of the longest rail tunnel in the world."</div><div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Scene: Santa Barbara stands watch over world's longest tunnel</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-305347709941903682010-10-18T10:32:00.000-07:002010-10-18T10:32:01.283-07:00REKABENTUK DAN HIASAN DALAMAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: 900; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://buildingdigest-online.blogspot.com/2010/09/dining-room-dinner-is-served.html">DINING ROOM - DINNER IS SERVED</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5463402048703351795.post-18584241987324856102010-10-18T10:29:00.000-07:002010-10-18T10:29:31.455-07:00REKABENTUK AKITEKTUR<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font: normal normal normal 22px/normal Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; position: relative;"><a href="http://buildingdigest-online.blogspot.com/2010/09/singhorra-on-roof.html" style="color: #33aaff; text-decoration: none;">Singhorra on the roof</a></h3><div><br />
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